AC605_EN_Col92_FV_Part_A4 (第7页) | ERP软件技术分享

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Unit4: ActualData AC605

For the nonvaluated sales order stock, you always need to use a cost bearing

andrevenuebearingsalesorderitem. Consequently, incomplexmake-to-order

manufacturing,youarealwayscontrollingatthesalesorderitemlevel.

SAPrecommendsthatyouworkwiththevaluatedsalesorderstocks.

Figure 88: Top Down Distribution

In Profitability Analysis, sales revenues, sales deductions, and costs of goods

manufacturedarenormallystoredat thecustomerorproductlevel. Noticethat

many business transactions, such as freight invoices, insurance expenses, or

advertisingcannoteasilybeassignedtosuchanextensivelevelinCO-PAAsa

result,theseneedtobepostedatasummarizedlevel,suchasthedivision,sales

organization, or company-code level.

Top down distribution of actual datais a periodic function that enablesyou to

distributethisaggregateddatatoextensivelevels,suchasthedivisionlevelorthe

customerlevelinCO-PA,basedonreferenceinformation,suchasthedatafrom

thepreviousyear. Thisfunctionworksinthesamewayastopdowndistribution

of plan data.

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AC605 Lesson: Value Flow from Cost Object CO

Youcanselectthevaluespostedtoanyprofitabilitysegmentsandvaluefieldsand

thendistributethisdatatoapredefineddistributionlevel. Youcanusetheexisting

actualorplandataasthebasisforthisdistribution. Youcanalsodistributeperiod

byperiodoraggregatetheperiodvaluestosmoothoutvariances.

Note: Top-down distribution in Actual can only be executed in the

cost-basedCO-PA.Incomparison tothetop-downdistributionof plan

data,hereonlythe“notassigned”methodisavailable.

Figure 89: Periodic Valuation

If you use parallel valuation, which means the legal valuation together with

profit-centervaluation, youcanvaluatethevaluationviewsagainseparatelyin

periodic valuation. If you want to valuate only one valuation view again, you

canconsiderablyreducetherun-timeofthenewvaluationandthedatavolume

by making this setting.

Thenewselectioncriteria,Documentnumber,andReferencedocumentnumber,

allowyoutovaluateagainselecteddocuments,referencedocuments,orintervals

between these. You can also exclude documents or intervals from the new

valuation.

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Unit4: ActualData AC605

Schedule Manager

Figure 90: Scope of the Schedule Manager

Anumberofperiodictasksareexecutedonaregularbasis,whichmeansdaily,

weekly, or monthly in the SAP System. One example of this kind of task is

period-endclosing,asthisrequirestheprocessingofalargenumberofindividual

objectsatparticularpointsintime. Thisprocessissupportedbytheindividual

components of the schedule manager.

Benefits include:

• Theclosingprocessismoretransparentandeasytohandle.

• Event-drivenprocessingmeansthattheSAPsystemautomaticallyperforms

the necessary steps.

• Monitoringthecompleteprocessisuser-friendly.

• Worklist-driven error analysis and integrated error-handling procedures

reducethetime needed for error correction.

• Totalprocessingtimeisminimizedbyoptimizedworklistprocessing.

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AC605 Lesson: Value Flow from Cost Object CO

Figure 91: Schedule Manager: Components

Features

Flow Definition: In a flow definition you can link thetasksto oneanother if

theyarerelatedoriftheyshouldbeprocessedinaworklist. Youcan,asaresult,

scheduleaflowdefinition asataskinthescheduler.

Scheduler: Inthescheduler,youcanscheduletasksinastructuretree. Youcan

usedrag-and-dropinadailyoverviewtoenablethesystemtoexecutethetasks

at a certain time.

Monitor: Providesanoverviewofthescheduledtasksduringandafterprocessing.

You can correct faulty objects in a worklist.

Worklist: Objects that are to be processed in a processing step sequence are

managed in the worklist. The worklist monitor presents information, such as

theobjectsthatwereprocessedwithouterrorsandtheobjectsthat couldnot be

processed. You can displayinformation on the causeof errors andin thisway

controlthewayinwhichtheobjectisprocessedfurther. Theworklistensuresthat

whenaprocessingstepsequenceisprocessedagain,thesystemonlyprocessesthe

objectsthathaderrorsorwhichyoumanuallyinstructedthesystemtoreprocess.

Definetheprocessingstepsequenceintheflowdefinition.

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Unit4: ActualData AC605

Figure 92: Schedule Manager - Process

Task Schedule: A structured group of tasks that are executed periodically and

possiblybymorethanoneusertocompleteacertainprocess,suchasperiod-end

closing.

Scheduler: To enable the system to start tasks at certain times, you need to

schedulethetasksfromthetasklistinthedailyoverviewusingdraganddrop.

• Usedraganddroptoscheduleataskfromthetasklistinthedailyoverview.

• Transactionsandprogramscanonlybestarteddirectlybytheuser.

TheMonitor: Tool todisplayalltheinformationonanactiveorcompletedjob

that was scheduled in Scheduler.

FlowstepsincludeschedulingprogramswithvariantsinthejobcontroloftheSAP

systemandinteractionwiththeusersintheformofane-mailwithinformation.

Aflowdefinition(combinationofflowsteps)isattachedtothetaskscheduleof

the scheduler. Then, the execution of the flow steps is scheduled in the daily

overview of the flow steps.

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AC605 Lesson: Value Flow from Cost Object CO

Lesson Summary

You should now be able to:

• Explain variance calculation

• Work with the schedule manager

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UnitSummary AC605

Unit Summary

You should now be able to:

• Explain the flowof actual data in CO-PA

• List the sources of value fields

• UnderstandthedataflowfromsalesordermanagementtoCO-PA

• Outline the concept of a condition type

• Explain thetransfer and allocation of costs

• Explain the settlement of orders

• Explain direct postings

• Make automatic posting to CO-PA

• Explain variance calculation

• Work with the schedule manager

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AC605 Test Your Knowledge

Test Your Knowledge

1. anddiscountsaretransferredtoprofitabilitysegmentsin

ProfitabilityAnalysisatthepointofbillinginSalesOrderManagement.

Fillintheblankstocompletethesentence.

2. Howare production variances calculated?

3. OneoftheimportanttasksinCustomizingforthecosting-basedCO-PAisto

assignyourcostsandrevenuestotherequiredvaluefields.

Determinewhetherthisstatementistrueorfalse.

□ True

□ False

4. inthecosting-basedCO-PAcontaintheamounts

and quantities on whichyou want to report.

Fillintheblankstocompletethesentence.

5. ThecentraldocumentinSDisthe .

Fillintheblankstocompletethesentence.

6. What is a condition type?

7. Abusinesstransaction isnormallyconcluded in salesorder management

with the .

Fillintheblankstocompletethesentence.

8. Theconditiontype, transferstheCOGSpostedatthetimeof

goods issue to CO-PA.

Fillintheblankstocompletethesentence.

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TestYourKnowledge AC605

9. YoucantransfertheoverheadcostsfromCostCenterAccountingeitheron

anactivity-allocationor a basis.

Fillintheblankstocompletethesentence.

10. What all can you settle in SAP R/3?

11. The applicationcomponent

providesanalternativeformofoverhead control.

Fillintheblankstocompletethesentence.

12. In , costs are settled to the

settlementcostelementspecifiedinthesettlementstructure.

Fillintheblankstocompletethesentence.

13. Directpostingenablesyoutopostdirectcosts,revenue,andsalesdeductions

to .

Fillintheblankstocompletethesentence.

14. Automatic postings, such as the ones generated in Materials

Management, can be passed on to Profitability Analysis using the

function(s).

Fillintheblankstocompletethesentence.

15. FordirectpostingsinFinancialAccounting, alltheassignmentsofvalues

and the quantities to the value fields in the

CO-PAaredefinedinthePAtransferstructure, FI.

Fillintheblankstocompletethesentence.

16. Revenueelementsthatreceiveautomaticpostingsareassignedtothevalue

fieldsintheaccount-basedCO-PAinthePAtransferstructure,FI.

Determinewhetherthisstatementistrueorfalse.

□ True

□ False

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AC605 Test Your Knowledge

17. Youcansettleortransfer

calculatedinProductCost Controlling for bothfinalproductionordersas

wellasrunscheduleheaders,settledperiodicallytoCO-PA.

Fillintheblankstocompletethesentence.

18. Inthescheduler,youcanschedulethetasksina .

Fillintheblankstocompletethesentence.

19. EveryvariancecategorymustberepresentedinthePAtransferstructure.

Determinewhetherthisstatementistrueorfalse.

□ True

□ False

20. Whenyouperformtheschedulingprocess,youwillbe:

Choosethecorrectanswer(s).

□ A Creating task lists

□ B Scheduling tasks in daily overview

□ C Monitoring the execution of tasks

□ D Displaying results

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TestYourKnowledge AC605

Answers

1. Revenues and discounts are transferred to profitability segments in

ProfitabilityAnalysisatthepointofbillinginSalesOrderManagement.

Answer: Revenues

2. Howare production variances calculated?

Answer: Theproductionvariancesarecalculatedasthedifferencebetween

theactualcostsofgoodsmanufacturedandstandardcosts.

3. OneoftheimportanttasksinCustomizingforthecosting-basedCO-PAisto

assignyourcostsandrevenuestotherequiredvaluefields.

Answer: True

OneoftheimportanttasksinCustomizingforthecosting-basedCO-PAisto

assignyourcostsandrevenuestotherequiredvaluefields.

4. Valuefieldsinthecosting-basedCO-PAcontaintheamountsandquantities

on which you want to report.

Answer: Value fields

5. Thecentral document inSD isthesalesorder.

Answer: sales order

6. What is a condition type?

Answer: Aconditiontypeisarepresentationinthesystemofsomeaspectof

yourdailypricingactivities,suchasdiscountorsurcharge,whichoccursin

your business transactions.

7. A businesstransaction isnormally concluded insales order management

with the billing document.

Answer: billing document

8. Theconditiontype,VPRS,transferstheCOGSpostedatthetimeofgoods

issue to CO-PA.

Answer: VPRS,

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AC605 Test Your Knowledge

9. YoucantransfertheoverheadcostsfromCostCenterAccountingeitheron

an activity-allocation or a periodic basis.

Answer: periodic

10. What all can you settle in SAP R/3?

Answer: InSAPsystem,yousettleinternalorders(CO),salesorders(SD),

projects(PS), aswell asproduction orders.

11. TheActivity-BasedCostingapplicationcomponentprovidesanalternative

form of overhead control.

Answer: Activity-Based Costing

12. In account-based CO-PA, costsaresettled to the settlement cost element

specified in the settlement structure.

Answer: account-based CO-PA

13. Directpostingenablesyoutopostdirectcosts,revenue,andsalesdeductions

to profitability segments.

Answer: profitability segments

14. Automaticpostings, suchastheonesgeneratedinMaterialsManagement,

canbepassedontoProfitabilityAnalysisusingtheautomaticPAassignment

function (s).

Answer: automatic PA assignment

15. FordirectpostingsinFinancialAccounting, all theassignmentsofvalues

andthequantitiestothevaluefieldsinthecosting-basedCO-PAaredefined

in the PA transfer structure, FI.

Answer: costing-based

16. Revenueelementsthatreceiveautomaticpostingsareassignedtothevalue

fieldsintheaccount-basedCO-PAinthePAtransferstructure,FI.

Answer: False

Thecostorrevenueelementsthatreceiveautomaticpostingsareassignedto

thevaluefieldsinthecosting-basedCO-PAinthePAtransferstructureFI,

which you maintain in Customizing.

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TestYourKnowledge AC605

17. YoucansettleortransfertheproductionvariancescalculatedinProductCost

Controllingforbothfinalproductionordersaswellasrunscheduleheaders,

settled periodically to CO-PA.

Answer: the production variances

18. Inthescheduler,youcanschedulethetasksinastructuretree.

Answer: structure tree

19. EveryvariancecategorymustberepresentedinthePAtransferstructure.

Answer: True

Each variance category must be represented in the PA transfer structure.

Thevariancecategoriesarespecifiedbythesystemandenteredunderthe

source section.

20. Whenyouperformtheschedulingprocess,youwillbe:

Answer: A, B, C

Whenyouperformtheschedulingprocess,youperformactivities,suchas

createtasklists,scheduletasksindailyoverview,monitortheexecutionof

tasks, and analyze results.

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Unit 5

Planning

Unit Overview

ThisunithelpsyoutounderstandtheconceptsofplanninginCO-PAandcreatea

salesplanusingaplanninglevelandplanningpackages. Theunitexplainshow

todefineaplanninglayoutandenterdata. Inaddition,thisunitdescribeshowto

executeautomaticplanningfunctions,integratetheplandatawithinManagement

Accounting,anddefinetheplanningaidstoenableplanning.

Unit Objectives

After completing thisunit, you will beableto:

• Outlinetheoverall processflowofprofitplanning

• Work with planning layouts

• Plan target values

• Performtopdowndistributionof planningdata

• Changeand deleteplandataandcreateforecasts

• Explain the integrated transfer of plan data

Unit Contents

Lesson: The Profit Planning Process ........................................232

Lesson: Planning Methods ....................................................241

Exercise 13: Manual Planning Functions ...............................261

Exercise 14: Automatic Planning Functions ............................275

Exercise 15: Integrated Planning Functions............................283

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Unit5: Planning AC605

Lesson: The Profit Planning Process

Lesson Overview

This lesson explains how to design the overall process of profit planning.

Furthermore,thebasicterminologyofCO-PAplanningaswellastheprocedure

forcreatingaplanninglevelandworkingwithplanninglayoutswillbeintroduced.

Lesson Objectives

After completingthislesson, you will beable to:

• Outlinetheoverall processflowofprofit planning

• Work with planning layouts

Business Example

The management of your company would like to implement a profitability

accountingapplicationintheSAPsystem. Asamemberofyourtheprojectteam,

youaresupposedtoadviseonthequestionof whether toimplementCO-PAor

EC-PCAintheSAPsystem. Youthenwillberesponsibleforimplementingthe

selected applications.

SamSalesandRandyRevenuewouldliketousetheCO-PAmoduletoplanthe

salesof the two mainproduct lines of thecompany, bicyclesand motorcycles.

Samwantstoplanhissalesbycustomerandproduct. Hewouldliketoplanthe

salesquantitiesandsellingpricesforeachcustomer/productcombinationandhe

expectsthesystemtocalculatetheplannedrevenuefromtheresults. Randywants

to plan his salesby product group and then he would liketo use thesystem to

automaticallydistributetheplannedvaluestotheproductlevelusingareasonable

allocationbasis. Mr. Millerisonlyinterestedintheplanningquantityandtheplan

revenues. Theproductmanagerwouldliketoperform“What-if”analysesonthe

planningdataforvariousscenariosinordertoanalyzepossibleeffectsofstrategic

decisionsonrevenues. For example, theymightwanttoanalyzetheeffectthat

price increases might have on revenue. Peter Plant wants to use the projected

sales quantities from CO-PA to plan his production and material procurement

schedules. HewouldliketohaveaccesstotheCO-PAplanvaluesinSalesand

OperationsPlanning. For thisreason, planning quantities, prices, and revenue

at the product/customer level is required. Planning at the product group level

is required with systematic distribution of values to the product level. Mass

changestoplanvaluesarerequiredforanalyzingthedifferentbusinessscenarios.

TransferringtheCO-PAplandatatoSalesandOperationsPlanningisrequired

to aid production scheduling. For this purpose, you need to know the overall

process of profit planning.

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AC605 Lesson: The Profit Planning Process

Process Flow of Profit Planning

Figure 93: Planning Functions in a Process View

Salesandprofitplanningisnormallyperceivedasanintegratedprocessinvolving

differentroleswithinprofitabilityand salesaccounting, suchassalesmanager,

regionalmanager,andsalesemployee. Distinctionsareoftenmadebetweenthe

differentapproachesused, suchascentral top downplanningand local bottom

up planning.

TheplanningtoolinProfitabilityAnalysisoffersall thepeopleinvolvedinthe

planningprocessauniform, graphicalplanninginterfacethatisstraightforward

andmodern. Thisinterfaceensuresthatthepoweruser,suchasthecentralplanner

whomodelsandmonitorstheplanningprocess,andoccasional userswhoonly

occasionallyconfirmplanningvaluescanworkinunison.

Because thecontents and the level of information of the individual plans vary

dependingontheroleandtheareaofresponsibility, thePlanningscreenallows

you to structureplanning selectively according to specific planning levels and

planningcontents, and toassign thatplanningstructureto theindividualusers.

Your planning structure is represented in a tree hierarchy. From the initial

Planning screen, you can execute almost all theplanning functions, right from

modelingtheplanningprocessandmonitoringtheplanningtaskstomanualentry

of the planning data.

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Unit5: Planning AC605

Figure 94: Planning on Different Levels

Figure 95: Overview of Planning Framework

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AC605 Lesson: The Profit Planning Process

Taking into account a typical salesand profit planning process, a professional

planning tool has to:

• Support theindividualplanning tasksbyguidingtheuserto the planning

levelstheuserneedstoplan. Forexample,akeyaccountmanagerneedsto

planonthekeycustomer,salesorganization,andproductlevel.

• Support the individual planners by providing personalized access to the

required plan datausing planningpackages.

• Provide a set of relevant planning functions, such as valuations and

simulations,toapplytherequiredplanningpackagesusingplanningmethods

and parameters.

Figure96: Manualplanning: Accesstothe OverviewScreen

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Unit5: Planning AC605

Figure 97: Elements in Planning

PlanninginCO-PAcanbeexecutedonmanydifferent levels. Inthisway, for

example,youcanplanonproductgroupandproductlevel,oncustomer/product

level or simply on customer level. In fact, you can plan on any profitability

segment in CO-PA.

Bydesign,thesystemensuresthatthedataremainsconsistentacrossallthelevels

throughouttheplanningprocess. Becauseallthesubtotalsofthedifferentlevels

add up to totals, the values from the different levels can always be reconciled

althoughchangesarebeingmadeonthedifferentlevelsduringtheprocess.

Forexample,youfirstenterplannedquantitiesatthecustomer/productlevelfor

twocustomersandthreeproducts. Then,bydefinition,thetotalsbyproductwill

coincide with the customer/product information. If additions are made at the

productlevel, theadditionsaredisplayedat thecustomer/productlevelwithan

unassigned customer.

Derivationisautomaticallycarriedout inthebackgroundwhentheplandatais

saved. Thismeansthatthevaluesplannedunderoneormorecharacteristicvalues

arealsoautomaticallysummarizedunderotherhigher-levelcharacteristics.

For example, you haveadded theproductgroup characteristicto the operating

concern. Whenyouplanattheproductlevel,thevaluesareautomaticallyrolled

upundertheappropriateproductgroupsalthoughyoudidnotspecifyaproduct

groupwhenenteringtheplandata. Again,thisroll-uphappensautomaticallyat

every location where the derivation occurs.

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AC605 Lesson: The Profit Planning Process

Planning Layout

Figure 98: Defining a Planning Layout (1)

Planninglayoutsarecustomizedscreensforenteringplandata. Thedefinitionofa

planninglayoutcontrolsnotonlytheappearanceofthePlanningscreenbutalso

some of the functions. This allows for complete flexibility in controlling the

planning entry process.

Aplanning layout definitionconsistsof threeparts, the general dataselection,

the lead columns, and the value columns. The general data selection is where

the characteristic values are specified that are valid for the entire layout. The

leadcolumnsarewhereadditionalcharacteristicsthataretobeplannedmaybe

specified. Thevaluecolumnscontaincharacteristic/valuefieldcombinations.

The valid values for the special characteristics version, record type (for

costing-based CO-PA), and the plan/actual indicator are required for each

row/column intersection in a planning layout definition. By employing these

properlyinthelayoutdesign,thelayoutscanbecreatedinwhichthevaluescan

beplannedformorethanoneversionatatimeandinwhichactualhistorydata

may be displayed for reference.

Variablesmaybeusedwhendefiningplanning layoutstogivethem maximum

flexibility. Variablescanbeusedforanycharacteristicandtheycanbeinstalled

anywherenecessary,suchasrows,columns,orthegeneraldataselection. Users

willbepromptedtoenterthevaluesforthesevariableswhenplanning.

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Unit5: Planning AC605

Separateplanninglayoutsarerequiredforcosting-basedCO-PAandaccount-based

CO-PA becauseplanning figureson thetwo sidesof CO-PAare not related or

linkedinanyway. Whendefininglayoutsincosting-basedCO-PA,youneedthe

characteristicrecordtype. Whendefininglayoutsinaccount-basedCO-PA,you

need the characteristic cost element.

Figure 99: Defining a Planning Layout (2)

Ageneralplanninglayoutthatcorrespondstotheselectionsmadeintheplanlevel

and the package can be created automatically. Specific layout features can be

maintained manually.

Therearetwobasicoptionsfordefiningtheleadcolumn(s):

• Each row in the lead column can be defined separately and consists of

a combination of characteristic values (in this case, the columns are

value columns) or each row isa value row (in this case, the columns are

characteristic values).

• The entire lead column can be selected to represent a characteristic (the

columnsarevaluecolumns). Withthisoption,youcanobtainmultiplelead

columns but you cannot hard-code any rows.

Value columns are defined using characteristics, value fields, attributes, or

formulas. Iftheleadcolumncontainsonlycharacteristics,theneachvaluecolumn

must contain at the minimum a value field. The column can also contain the

characteristic valuesthatpertainto the valuefield.

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AC605 Lesson: The Profit Planning Process

Thefollowingattributescanbetaggedtoeachvaluecolumn:

• Adistributionkeyfordistributingthesummarizedvaluestoperiods.

• Aunitforthevaluefield(eitheracurrencyoraunit).

• Alongtextindicator(indicatingsomelongtextcanexist).

• All characteristics.

Figure 100: Planning Variables

You can define the variables for your planning levels and planning packages.

For example, you use a variable instead of a planning package to specify the

planning period.

Youcanusealltheplanningpackagesforplanningrunsinsubsequentfiscalyears

withouttheneedtochangeeachplanningpackage. Instead,youjustchangethe

variable's characteristic centrally.

YoumaintainvariablesdirectlyfromthePlanningscreenusingEdit→Variable.

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Unit5: Planning AC605

Lesson Summary

You should now be able to:

• Outlinetheoverall processflowofprofit planning

• Work with planning layouts

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AC605 Lesson: Planning Methods

Lesson: Planning Methods

Lesson Overview

Thislessonoutlineshowtocreatemanualplandatausingvariousplanningaids.

It also explains how to create forecasts and perform top down distribution of

planningdata. Inaddition,itshowshowtochangeanddeleteplandata.

Lesson Objectives

After completingthislesson, youwillbeable to:

• Plan target values

• Performtopdowndistributionof planningdata

• Changeand deleteplandataandcreateforecasts

• Explain the integrated transfer of plan data

Business Example

The management of your company would like to implement a profitability

accounting application in the SAP system. As a member of the project team,

youaresupposedtoadviseonthequestionofwhether toimplementCO-PAor

EC-PCA in the SAP system. You then will be responsible to implement the

selectedapplications. SamSalesandRandyRevenuewouldliketousetheCO-PA

moduletoplanthesalesofthetwomainproductlinesofthecompany,bicycles

and motorcycles. Sam wants to plan his sales by customer and product. He

wants toplanthe salesquantities and selling prices for each customer/product

combination, and heexpectsthesystemto calculate the planned revenuefrom

the results. Randy wantsto plan his sales by product group and then he wants

to usethesystem to automatically distribute theplanned values tothe product

level using a reasonable allocation basis. Mr. Miller is only interested in the

planquantityandtheplanrevenues. Theproductmanagerwouldliketoperform

what-ifanalysesontheplandataforvariousscenariosinordertoanalyzepossible

effectsofstrategicdecisionsonsales. Forexample,theymightwanttoanalyze

theaffectthatpricingincreasesmighthaveonrevenue. PeterPlantwantstouse

the projected salesquantities from CO-PA to plan his production and material

procurementschedules. HewouldliketohaveaccesstotheCO-PAplanvaluesin

SalesandOperationsPlanning. Forthisreason,planningquantities,prices,and

revenueattheproduct/customerlevelisrequired. Planningattheproductgroup

level isrequiredwiththesystematicdistributionof valuestotheproduct level.

Masschangestoplanvaluesarerequiredtoanalyzedifferentbusinessscenarios.

TransferringCO-PAplandatatoSalesandOperationsPlanningisrequiredtoaid

production scheduling. For thispurpose, youneed toknowtheprofit planning

process and the phases in sales planning.

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Unit5: Planning AC605

Phases in Sales Planning

Figure 101: Typical Phases in Sales Planning

Thefigureaboveshowsanexampleofonepossibleintegratedplanningprocess

for sales and profit planning.

The process begins with the planning of target values, such as at the material

grouplevel. Averagepricesandcostofgoodsmanufacturedcanbedetermined

at this stage.

In the next planning phase, plan data is distributed top down. The plan data

for material groupsis broken downinto combinations of customer groupsand

products.

In bottom up planning, the plan data can be entered manually for each sales

representativeandthenbroughttogetherinasingleplanversion.

Inthe fourth planning step, theadditional plan datacan betransferredto sales

andprofitplanningfromotherbusinessareas,suchascostcenteraccountingor

incoming orders.

Afterplanninghasbeenfinalized,theplandatacanbetransferredtoproduction

planning,allowingproductionplandatatobereconciledwithsalesplanning.

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AC605 Lesson: Planning Methods

Planning Target Values

Figure 102: Planning Target Values

At the start of the first planning phase, in which you plan target values, you

define average prices and the cost of goods manufactured. Introducing ratios

helps simplify planning prices manually.

WiththeGoalSeekfunction,youcanenteratargetrevenueandhavethesystem

calculatethe planned price required to attain it.

Figure 103: Planning with Ratios

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Unit5: Planning AC605

Aratioisaquotientinvolvingtwovaluefields,suchasprice=sales/quantity,and

itcanbeusedasabasisforsimulatingcorrespondingadjustmentsandalterations

of quantities and prices in the planning layout.

YoudefineratioscentrallyinCustomizing. Theycanbeselectedinthesameway

asnormalvaluefieldswhenyoudefinetheplanninglayout.

Ratios or prices are not saved on the database. Instead, they are calculated

dynamicallyfromthequantitiesandvaluesateachplanninglevel. Thisavoidsthe

build-upofredundantdataandensuresaconsistentdataset.

Figure 104: Planning with a Ratio Scheme

Youcansummarizeratiosinaratioscheme. Ratioscanbecombinedintoratio

schemes,whichcanthenbeappliedagainstTheexistingplandataforthepurpose

of valuing the existing plan base values with ratio values or the rates that are

calculatedbasedonspecificreferencedata. Thereferencedatacanbetheactual

dataor thedata fromanother planning version.

Forexample, ifaratioschemecontainsaratioforper-unitprice, youcanusea

ratio scheme to valuate a sales quantity plan and determine the price for each

piece from the actual data.

Youcanuseratioschemesinbothmanualplanningandinautomaticplanning. In

bothcases,youindicatetheratioschemeandthereferencedata(plan/actualdata,

planversion, record type, and referencetimeinterval). In automaticplanning,

ratioschemescanbeappliedusingtheCopyandChangefunctions.

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AC605 Lesson: Planning Methods

Figure 105: Reaching Objectives Using Goal Seek

YoucanperformdatasimulationsinplanningusingtheGoalSeekfunction. This

functionallowsyoutoenteratargetcontributionmargininmanualplanningand

tohavethesystemcalculatethecorrespondingquantitysold.

Tousethegoalseekfunction, bothsidesmustbemathematicallyrelatedeither

in a formula or a ratio. In the above example, ratios, which are hidden in the

layout,createtherelationshipbetweenthecontributionmarginandthequantity

sold. Tocarryoutthisfunction,firstselectthetworelevantdatacellsandchoose

Edit→GoalSeek. Inthedialogboxthatappears,enterthetargetvalue,suchas

a contribution margin of 120,000. The system then calculates the appropriate

quantity, which is 6000 items in this case.

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Unit5: Planning AC605

Breakdown of Target Values

Figure 106: Breakdown of Objectives

Youcanuseanextensivetopdowndistributionfunctionavailableinbothmanual

andautomatic planningfor the second planning phase, whichinvolves the top

downdistributionofthetargetvaluestoanextensiveplanninglevel.

Figure 107: Top Down Distribution in Planning

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AC605 Lesson: Planning Methods

Topdowndistributionisaprocessfordistributingdatathathasbeenplannedat

onelevelinCO-PAtotheadditionallevelsbasedonsomereferencedata,which

canbeplanoractualCO-PAdata. Itcanonlybedoneinautomaticplanning.

Oneexampleofthismightbeplanningvaluesattheproductgrouplevelandthen

distributingthesevaluestotheindividualproductsinagroup. Anotherexample

mightbeplanningvaluesattheproductlevelandthendistributingthevaluesto

the plants from which the products are sold.

Planvaluescanbedistributedstrictlyaccordingtothereferencedatabyperiodor

basedonthereferencedataaggregatedacrosstheperiods. Thelatterhastheeffect

ofequalizingthedistributionpercentagesacrossperiodsforthereceivers.

When performing a top down distribution, you need to specify the field(s) in

the reference data, the values of which should be used as the reference base.

The options are:

• Fixedvaluefield: Thedataofallvaluefieldsisdistributedaccordingtothe

distribution of values of this value field.

• Allvaluefields: Thedataofeachvaluefieldisdistributedaccordingtothe

relativereferencedataforeachprofitabilitysegmentforthesamevaluefield.

Figure 108: Method: Distributing non-assigned values

Topdowndistributionenablesyoutodistributethedatafromahigherplanning

level tolower levels. For example, youcan performplanning first of allat the

productgrouplevelandthendistributethevaluestotheproductlevel.

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Theplandataisdistributedinthesamewayastheexistingreferencedata. For

this distribution, you can use either plan or actual data. You can distributethe

dataseparatelybyperiodoryoucanaggregatethevaluesoverseveralperiodsto

level out fluctuations.

Intheabove example, thenonassigned plan data(value1000) at theproduct

grouplevelisdistributedtotheindividualproductsinthesamewayasthebase

values(theactual quantities sold) aredistributed. This meansat a ratio of 1:2.

Theproduct groupiscredited with1000andtheproductsaredebitedwith333

(product, P1) and 666 (product, P2).

Figure 109: Method: Distributing total values

Intheaboveexample,theoverallsumoftheplandatafortheproductgroupisthe

individualvaluesoftheproducts(eachpriorvalue)andthenonassignedvalues

(value#)atproductgrouplevel. Theoverallsumisdistributedtotheindividual

productsinthesamewayasthebasevalues(actualquantitiessold),whichmeans

ataratioof1:2. Theproductgroupiscreditedandtheproductsaredebited.

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AC605 Lesson: Planning Methods

Figure 110: Automaticplanning: Top-down distribution(1)

Intheparameterset, youcanspecifythefollowing:

Youhavethechoicebetweentwotop-downproceduresthatdefineexactlywhat

valuesaretobedistributed: Youcaneitheronlydistributevaluesthatareposted

directlyatthehigher level withthemethod,Onlydistribute"non-assigned”or

youcandistributeallthevalueslocatedatthehigherlevel,regardlessofwhether

theywerepostedtheredirectlyorrolledupfrommoreextensivelevels,usingthe

Distributetotalvaluemethod. Whenyouusethismethod,thevaluestakenfrom

theextensivelevelareoverwrittenbythenew,distributedvalue.

You specify the receiver characteristic for the distribution under Receiver

characteristic. You can select several characteristics from the characteristics

specified in the planning level.

UnderReferencevaluefield,youcanenterasthebasisfordistribution,aspecific

value field for the reference data or a key figure calculated from value fields.

Alternatively,youcanspecifythatthedistributionoccursbyvaluefields. Inthis

way,eachvaluefieldistakenasthebasisforitsdistribution.

Tosmoothoutincidental differencesthat occurredfromperiodtoperiodinthe

referencedata,youcanselecttheAggregateperiodsindicator.

Youspecifythetimeframeforthereferencedatathatistobeusedasthebasis

for executing the planning method.

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Unit5: Planning AC605

Figure 111: Automaticplanning: Top-down distribution (3)

Inaddition,youcanmakethefollowingsettingsintheparameterset:

Youspecifywhetherthedatatobeusedasthereferencedataistheactualdata

orthedatafromtheplanversionfortheplanningpackageorfromadifferent

plan version that is yet to be specified.

Youcanspecifyforasendercharacteristicthatadifferentcharacteristicvalue

in the reference dataformsthe basis for distribution. This meansthat you can

determinethatthedistributionoftheproductgroupsfortheproductofcountry1is

executedbasedontheproductdataofcountry2. Todothis,youshouldusethe

function “Transform characteristic values”.

Bymakingtheappropriatesetting,youspecifywhethertheplanningmethodisto

beexecutedinatestrunorinanupdaterun,orwhetherthisdecisionistobe

postponeduntilthepointofexecutionoftheparameterset.

You can jumpto abackground processingscreen.

IntheValuefieldstab page, youspecifythespecificvaluefieldsthat aretobe

distributed.

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AC605 Lesson: Planning Methods

Analytical Bottom Up Planning

Figure 112: Bottom Up Planning

Thethirdplanningphaseinwhichplanvaluesareplannedbottomupandmerged

could occur in several steps. For example, the default plan values could be

createdautomatically(copiedorrevaluated)andthenusedasaplanbasisforthe

individual sales representatives.

IntegratedMicrosoftExcelallowsindividualsalesrepresentativestocreatetheir

sales plan data locally.

Finally,theindividualplanscanbemergedintoasingleversionandvaluatedwith

theoperativepricesandcostsofgoodsmanufactured.

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Unit5: Planning AC605

Figure 113: Example: Bottom-Up Planning

Inbottomupplanning,plandataiscreatedatthecustomerandproductgrouplevel

andaggregatedtothecorresponding higher levels.

Figure 114: Data Entry with Excel Integration

Theintegrationof MicrosoftExcelintoprofitplanningmeansthatyoucanuse

Excelfunctionssuchastheonesforadditionalcalculations,graphicsandprinting,

andtheSAPsystemensurestheconsistencyofthedatacentrally,providingcentral

functions such as derivation and valuation.

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AC605 Lesson: Planning Methods

Toperformlocalplanning,youcansaveExcelsheetsthathavebeencreatedinthe

SAPsystemlocallyonapersonalComputerorlaptopandthenworkonthemin

ExceloutsidetheSAPenvironment. Thedatacanthenbeloadedbackintothe

SAP system later using theupload functions.

Figure 115: Automatic Planning

AutomaticPlanningFunctionsThesefunctionscanbeusedtosimultaneously

process a large number of profitability segments for planning. They can be

executed either online or in the background. You must have the appropriate

authorizations to use these functions.

Whenyouuseautomaticplanning,youmustspecifythecharacteristicsandvalue

fieldsthatyouwanttoprocess. Thisallowsyoutosettheplanningscopeineach

case.

Automatic planning functions have beenincluded in the concept of planning

levels and planning packages. There are12 planning methods: You select the

characteristicstobeplannedat theplanninglevelandintheplanningpackage.

Youenterallothersettingsandselectthevaluefieldsinaparametersetforthe

correspondingplanningmethod,suchasCopy. PlanningManagementYouuse

thisfunctiontotrackwhichautomaticplanningfunctionswereexecutedandby

whom. Itprovidesacompletelogofthemasschangesmadetoplandata,thelog

informationwhencertainfunctionswerecarriedout,whocarriedthemout,and

what profitability segments were changed.

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Figure 116: Copying plan data

Copying Plan Data (1)

In the target fields, specify the following:

• Thepostingperiodstobeupdatedwiththecopieddata.

• The plan version to be updated.

• Therecordtypeunderwhichtheplandataistobesaved.

In the source fields, specify the following:

• Thepostingperiodsfromwhichdataistobecopied.

• Theplanversionfromwhichthedataistobecopied(ifcopyingplandata).

• Therecordtypeoftheplandatayouwanttocopy.

• The plan/actual indicator.

Specifyadistributionkeyifyouwanttosummarizethesourcedataforallthe

periodsandthendistributethemacrossthetargetperiods. Ifyouleavethisfield

blank,thevaluesarecopiedstraightfromthesourceperiodstothetargetperiods.

Select the Valuate radio button box if you want the system to automatically

perform valuation during the copy process. Then, target value fields may be

populatedwithvaluesfromcostingsheets,productcosting,anduser-exits.

Specify whether thesource data should overwrite, add to, or subtract fromthe

existing data in the target plan version.

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AC605 Lesson: Planning Methods

Figure117: Copyingplandata: Transformationofcharacteristics

Theoptions,AddandPost,havebeenaddedtocharacteristictransformation.

IfyouusetheAddfunction,thecopiedvaluesareaddedtotheexistingrecipient

characteristics.

IfyoudonotselectAdd,thecopiedvaluesoverwritetheexistingplandatainthe

recipient characteristic.

If you select the Clear indicator, the values in the original characteristic are

removed.

Figure 118: Forecasting

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You can use the forecasting function to automatically calculate new plan

data using the existing data and customizable forecast profiles. You can use

forecastinginmanualplanningandinautomaticplanning.

AforecastprofileisacombinationofaforecastmodeldeliveredbySAPanda

set of user-definedparameters. Youcancreateforecast profilesintheCO-PA

usermenu. TheSAP systemsupportsanumberofpredefinedforecastmodels,

including trend models, seasonal models, and exponential models. For more

informationonforecast models, seethedocumentationonSalesandOperating

Planning.

Weightinggroupsaresometimesrequiredasaparameterfortheforecastprofile,

dependingonthemodelyouhaveselected. Youcanalsocreateweightinggroups

in the CO-PA application menu.

InManualPlanning,youmakeaforecastbyselectingavalueoracolumnand

then clicking the Forecast function. In the dialog window, enter the required

parameters,suchastheforecastperiodandthereferencedatatobeused.

Toforecast inAutomaticPlanning, select AutomaticPlanning→Forecast in

theapplicationmenuandenteraforecastprofileandtherequiredparameterson

the Initial screen.

Figure 119: Planning Sequences

Youcanuseplanningsequencestocombineseveralautomaticplanningmethods,

sortthem, andexecutetheminonerun. Forexample,youcanstartbycopying

theplanvalues, distributethemusingthetopdownmethod, andthenrevaluate

these values.

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AC605 Lesson: Planning Methods

Integrated Transfer of Plan Data

Figure 120: Integrated Transfers of Plan Data

Inthefifthplanningphase,youcancompleteyoursalesandprofitplanningdata

withtheadditionalplandatafromotherapplicationcomponents.

Figure 121: Integration of Planning

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Unit5: Planning AC605

By design, the SAP system supports integrated planning in controlling, where

planningisconductedseparatelyformultiplebusinessactivitiesbutthedifferent

plans are linked to ensure consistency and to drive realistic corporate-wide

planning. Asaresult,theseparateplanningresultsforsales,service,production,

procurement,general,andadministrationactivitiescoincidetoformonecorporate

operational plan.

ThisintegrationisaccomplishedintheSAPsystemthroughbothreal-timeand

periodic synchronization of the data in the plan versions across modules. For

example,thesalesquantitiesplannedinSISmaybetransferredinbatchtoSOP,

whichthenusestheinformationtogeneratethenecessaryplannedproductionand

procurementactivities. ThiscanbeintegratedwiththeoverheadplansinCCA,

andtheendresultsfor everythingcanbepassedtoCO-PA,wheretheresulting

overall profitability plan may reside.

Thisexampleflowofplanningdataisoneexampleofthemanypossibleplanning

strategiesthatcanbeusedintheSAPsystem. Theflowthatshouldbeusedfora

givencompanydependsonmanyfactors,suchasthemodulesbeingimplemented,

the planning functions in those modules, the integration functions between

modules,andthenecessarymaintenancestepstoachieveintegration.

Figure 122: CO Plan Integration

ToreflectPlancostsfromCostCenterAccountinginProfitabilityAnalysis,you

need to transfer those costs into the CO-PA portion of a plan version through

a cost center assessment. With this tool, planned costs can beallocatedacross

profitabilitysegmentsinthesamewaythatactualcostscanbeallocatedacross

profitability segments.

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ToassessCostCentercostsinCO-PA,anassessmentcyclefirsthastobedefined.

Theassessment cycleconsistsof aseriesof segments, eachofwhichdefinesa

uniquerelationshipbetweensenders,receivers,andassessmentrules. Thesecan

be defined on the user side of CO-PA.

Whenassessmentcyclesaredefined,youneedtospecifythecontrollingareafrom

whichtheassessmentwilltakeplace. ThisisbecauseallocationsinManagement

Accounting can only take place within a single controlling area through the

restrictionsof SAPcost accountingrules. WhenallocatinginCO-PA,itisalso

notpossibletoexceedcontrollingareas. Thecontrollingareaisonepartofthe

definition of thereceiver's operating concern.

YoualsoneedtospecifythesideofCO-PAfromwhichthetracingfactorsshould

be drawn for any 'variable portions' assessment rules that are defined. This

settingcontrolswhethervalueswillbedistributedbasedonaccountbalancesfor

profitabilitysegmentsorkeyfiguresamountsforprofitabilitysegments.

Assessmentsaffectbothcosting-basedCO-PAandaccount-basedCO-PA,ifboth

areactive. ThisisnecessaryfromanSAPcostingperspectivebecausecostsare

technicallybeingmovedofffromtheoriginatingaccountassignmentobjectsand

costcenters, andplacedontothereceivingobjectsandProfitabilitySegments,

what are shared between the twosidesofCO-PA.

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