第 27 页 / 共 228 页
An ABAP/4 Query can be used to create the following three types of reports:
(cid:131) Basic Lists: Reports with basic formatting without any calculated fields.
(cid:131) Statistics: Reports with statistical functions such as average, percentages, etc.
(cid:131) Ranked Lists: Ranked lists are used for analytical purposes.
40. What are the Components of ‘SAPscript’?
‘SAPscript’ is the SAP System’s own text-processing system. SAPscript is tightly integrated and
used for many text-processing tasks. SAP Standard Styles and Layout Sets are always held in
Client 000.
Layout Sets are used for the Page Layout of SAPscript documents. A ‘layout set’ has the
following elements:
(cid:131) Header Data: Data related to development (created by, development class, etc.) and the
layout set information (which elements are used) are both stored in the header data. A start
page must be entered here.
(cid:131) Paragraph Formats: Paragraph formats are required in layout sets. However, they are
also used for word processing in layout sets, for example, to format text elements.
(cid:131) Character Formats: You can also use character formats to format texts or paragraphs.
Unlike paragraph formats, however, they are used to format text within a paragraph.
(cid:131) Windows: Windows are names and window types, which are not physically positioned
until they are allocated to pages and units of measurement are specified.
(cid:131) Pages: Pages are defined to provide the system with a start and end point in text
formatting.
(cid:131) Page Windows: Page windows are the combination of windows and pages, where the
dimensions of a window and its position on a page are specified.
41. Why Do We Need ‘Enhancements’?
The standard R/3 application may not offer some of the functionality you need for a particular
customer or for a particular situation. The R/3‘Enhancement’ functionality allows you to add
your own functionality to SAP’s standard business applications or modify the standard one to suit
the particular need.
The enhancement may be done through:
(cid:131) Customer exits
Customers’ potential requirements, which do not form a part of the standard software, are
incorporated in the standard R/3 as empty modification ‘shells.’ Customers can then fill these
with their own coding. SAP guarantees that all such exists will remain valid across all future
releases. The customer exits include:
o Menu Exits
o Screen Exits
o Function Module Exits
o Keyword Exits
(cid:131) ABAP/4 Dictionary Elements
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 28 页 / 共 228 页
These are ABAP/4 Dictionary Enhancements (creation of table appends), Text
Enhancements (customer-specific keywords and documentation for data elements), and
Field Exits (creation of additional coding for data elements).
42. Differentiate ‘Screen Painter’ from ‘Menu Painter.’
‘Screen Painter’ is an ABAP Workbench tool used to create or modify the screens for your
transactions. The screen painter allows you to make modifications to screen attributes, the flow
control logic, or the layout.
Figure 6:Screen Painter
‘Menu Painter’ is a tool used to design the interface components. Status, Menu Bars, Menu Lists,
F-key settings, Functions, and Titles are the components of Menu Painter.
Figure 7:Menu Painter
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 29 页 / 共 228 页
Both the screen painter and menu painter are graphical interfaces of ABAP/4 applications.
43. What is a ‘Modification Assistant’?
The‘Modification Assistant’ is the tool that offers you support when making modifications to the
standard, by branching to a ‘special modification mode’ whenever you are modifying objects from
the standard in an ABAP workbench editor. Originals are initially protected in this mode and can
only be changed with the help of the additional ‘pushbuttons’ that are placed at your disposal.
All changes that you make to the system are logged with the help of the Modification Assistant.
This provides you with a detailed overview of modifications that is easy to read and that
dramatically reduces the amount of effort needed to upgrade your system.
The Modification Assistant offers support in the following areas:
(cid:131) ABAP Editor
(cid:131) Class Builder
(cid:131) Screen Painter
(cid:131) Menu Painter
(cid:131) Text Element maintenance
(cid:131) Function Builder
(cid:131) ABAP Dictionary
If an object can be edited using the Modification Assistant, a dialogue box appears the first time
that you attempt to edit that object informing you that editing functions are limited in modification
mode. This dialogue box appears exactly once per user for each of the various kinds of transport
objects.
44. What is a ‘Spool Request’?
‘Spool Requests’ are generated during ‘dialogue’ or ‘background’ processing and placed in the
spool database with information about the printer and print format. The actual data is placed in
the Tem Se (Temporary Sequential objects).
45. What is the ‘CTS’?
The‘Change and Transport System (CTS)’ is a tool that helps to organize development
projects (in the ABAP workbench) and customize data (in customizing), and then move/transport
these changes between the SAP Systems/Clients in your system landscape. An example is
moving the configuration settings from ‘development’ to ‘test’ and finally to the ‘production’ Client.
The changes (such as the creation of a new Company Code, changing a document type, etc.) are
assigned to a ‘transport request’ and transported by the Basis or System Administrator.
46. What is a ‘Transport’?
A ‘Transport’ in SAP is nothing but the transfer of R/3 System components from one system to
another. The components to be transported are specified in the object list of a transport request.
Each ‘transport’ consists of an ‘export process’ and an ‘import process’:
(cid:131) Theexport process reads objects from the source system and stores them in a data file
at the operating system level.
(cid:131) The import process reads objects from the data file and writes them to the database of
the target system.
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 30 页 / 共 228 页
The system maintains a ‘transport log’ of all actions during export and import. The‘transport
organizer’ helps to manage the transports in SAP.
Figure 8:Transport Organizer
47. How do You Find Out Who has ‘Transported’ a ‘Transport
Request’?
Look at TableTPLOG (go there using the Transaction CodeSE16) and input the transport name
in the CMDSTRING field with(cid:1014)*.(cid:1014)Example: *PZDK980001*
48. What is an ‘Authorization’ in SAP?
An‘Authorization’ is the process of giving someone permission to do or have something. In
multi-user SAP systems, a SAP Basis Administrator defines for the system which users are
allowed access to the system and what privileges of use each user gets (such as access to
transactions, etc.).
49. Explain the ‘Client’ concept of SAP.
A‘Client’ is the top-most organizational structure, which has its own set of master records. A
Client is denoted by a 3-character alphanumeric code in SAP, and is a mandatory element. The
settings made at the Client level, data maintained, etc., are available across all the Company
Codes. A Client should have at least one Company Code defined.
SAP comes delivered with Clients 001 and 002, which contain all the default settings. Usually,
copying from the default Clients creates additional and new Clients.
Typically, in SAP, you will have different ‘types’ of Clients; namely:
1. Development Client
2. Test Client
3. Production Client
In any implementation, you must have at least three types of Clients as mentioned above. There
are some companies where you will have more than three. These include:
(cid:131) Development Client
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 31 页 / 共 228 页
(cid:131) Test Client
(cid:131) Quality Assurance Client
(cid:131) Training Client
(cid:131) Production Client
A ‘Development Client’ is also called a ‘sand box’ Client and is sometimes known as a ‘play’
Client. This is the logical place in the SAP system where you try out new configurations, write
new programs, etc. This is the place, as the name suggests, where you can ‘play’ around before
finalizing a scenario for customization.
Once you are okay with the configuration or a new program, you will then move it manually
(transport) to the ‘Test Client’ where you will carry out all the tests (both modular and integration).
The end-users are provided with the training using the ‘training’ Client. Sometimes both the ‘test’
and ‘training’ Client are in a single ‘instance.’ The ‘quality assurance’ Client helps with necessary
quality checks before something is ready to be passed on to the ‘production’ Client.
After satisfactory results, it will be transported (automatically) to the‘Production Client’ (also
called the‘Golden Client’). You will not be able to make any modifications, manually, to the
‘production’ Client and the authorization is very limited because this Client is responsible for day-
to-day business transactions and any issues here will jeopardize all business operations, which is
why this is also called the‘live’ Client.
Do not confuse this term with the ‘Client’ that denotes a customer in normal business parlance.
50. How can You Find the Field/Data Underlying a ‘Transaction’?
A common way to find the technical data underlying a transaction is to place your cursor in the
field, press the key‘F1,’ and then click on the button‘TechnicalData’ to see the details. This
works as long as you are looking at the ‘transparent’ Table. If the information is populated from a
‘structure,’ then this will not help you because the ‘structure’ may be populated from a number of
sources including some ‘includes,’ and may also contain some calculated fields. If the ‘include’ is
in fact a table, then chances are your data comes from that table. Check to see if there is a
‘logical’ database in the business area you are looking at. Looking at the ‘structure’ of the ‘logical’
database often reveals the tables used to drive that business area. Also check to see if the field
name you are looking for is in any of the tables. Logical databases can also be useful in
determining how tables are linked together.
You may also use other methods (listed below) to zero-in on the field. You can perform any of
these, in isolation or in combination, until you find what you are looking for:
(cid:131) Debugging
(cid:131) SQL Trace
(cid:131) Run-time Analysis
Start the ‘transaction’ inDebug mode. Set a ‘watch-point’ for the structure-field you are interested
in. When the debugger ‘breaks,’ look at the lines just above the ‘break-point.’ This will show
where the field was populated. This may be a ‘structure,’ in which case you will restart the
process using that ‘structure’ as a ‘watch-point.’
TurnSQL Trace on, and run your transaction. Switch the ‘trace’ off, and examine the log. This
will detail the tables hit, and the order in which they were hit. Not all tables hit will be displayed;
for example, configuration tables tend not to show up, as they are buffered.
TheRuntime Analysis will show all tables accessed by the transaction.
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 32 页 / 共 228 页
Figure 9:ABAP Runtime Analysis
51. Explain ‘LSMW.’
The‘LSMW (Legacy System Migration Workbench)’ is a free SAP-based tool that supports the
one-time or periodic transfers of data from non-SAP systems to SAP. The LSMW can be used in
conjunction with theData Transfer Workbench. The LSMW assists in organizing your data
migration project and guides you through the process by using a clear sequence of steps. The
most common conversion rules are predefined. Reusable conversion rules assure consistent data
conversion for different data objects.
The LSMW performs the following steps:
(cid:131) Reads the legacy data from one or several files (such as spreadsheets or sequential files)
(cid:131) Converts the data from source format to target format
(cid:131) Imports the data using standard interfaces(Batch Input, Direct Input,BAPI, IDoc, etc.)
Figure 10:Data Transfer Workbench
52. How do You Transport ‘LSMW’ Data from One System to
Another?
There are two ways to do this:
1. Export/Import method. With this method, you have the flexibility of subprojects or
objects that need to be transported. Use the Menu Path ‘LSMW>Extras>Export project.’
2. Transport request. With this method, you will not be able to select the objects, and the
project as a whole is transported. Use the Menu Path ‘LSMW>Extras >Create change
request.’
53. Can You Transport ‘Variants’ of Multiple Programs in One Step?
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
| SAP |
|---|
| SAP |
第 33 页 / 共 228 页
Yes. Use programRSTRANSP using Transaction Code: SE38.
54. What is ‘SAPNet’?
The‘SAPNet’ R/3 Front-end provides a remote connection to SAP’s service and support group to
provide assistance in the event of an implementation project system or production system
problem. Additionally, the SAPNet R/3 Front-end provides information on the latest high-priority
SAP system information, including error alarm messages that help you prevent problems before
they occur. You can also find release, installation, upgrade, and migration information. This
functionality is included in the standard SAP R/3 Basis System. Connection is made using ISDN
or a leased line through the project’s telecommunications service provider.
Project Implementation
55. What is ‘ASAP’?
‘ASAP (Accelerated SAP)’ is a methodology used in SAP for faster and cost-effective
implementation of SAP R/3 projects. ASAP helps to(a) reduce the implementation time,(b)
achieve quality implementations, and(c) make effective and efficient use of project resources.
ASAP integrates the following three components:
1. ASAP Roadmap
2. Tools (Questionnaires, templates, etc.)
3. R/3 services and training (Hotline, Early Watch, Remote Upgrade, Archiving, etc.)
ASAP Roadmap is aimed at providing step-by-step direction and guidance throughout the project
implementation by providing a process-oriented, clear and concise project plan. The roadmap
meanders through the following milestones or phases in the project implementation lifecycle:
1. Project preparation
2. Business blueprint
3. Realization
4. Final preparation
5. Go-live, support, and continuous improvement
56. Explain ‘ASAP Roadmap’ Phases.
Project preparation is the first and initial phase of the ASAP roadmap where you are just starting
the project. You will perform activities such as preparation of the initial scope, high-level timelines
and plans, project charters, identification of project team members, project kick-off, etc.
Figure 11:ASAP Roadmap
Business blueprint is thesecond phase in the implementation where you will try, identify, and
document business requirements and goals to prepare the foundation for future stages of the
project. Ideally, you will organize ‘business requirement gathering’ workshops with the various
business/functional users of the company, lead them through the discussion with structured
business functionality questionnaires, understand their existing business processes, and identify
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 34 页 / 共 228 页
and document their requirements in the wake of this new implementation. A ‘sign-off’ at the end of
the phase ensures an agreement to move forward outlining the scope of the project. It is
understood that whatever is explicitly stated in the business blueprint document is the only scope;
no implied scope will be considered for system configuration in the next phase.
Realization is thethird phase where the implementing team breaks down the business
processes identified in the second phase and configures the SAP settings. Initially, you will do a
Baseline Configuration, test the system functionality and if necessary make changes to the
baseline configuration, and close the phase withFinal Configuration, signalling that all the
business processes have been captured and configured in the system.
Final Preparation is thepenultimate phase in the project. This phase also serves to resolve all
crucial open issues. A ‘go-live check’ is also conducted to analyze whether the system has been
properly configured. This phase is marked by the following activities:
(cid:131) End-to-testing of the configured system (User Acceptance Test—UAT)
(cid:131) Training of the end users (Usually follows the concept ‘Train-the-Trainer’)
(cid:131) System management activities (creation of users, user profiles, allocation of roles to
profiles, etc.)
(cid:131) Cut-over (data migration activities)
An ‘internal help desk’ should be staffed and supported mainly by employees of the enterprise.
Setting up a help desk involves, among other things, installing office and technical equipment and
defining OSS users. Problems that cannot be solved by this internal help desk are forwarded to
SAP via theSAPNet/OSS system.
On successful completion of this phase, you are ready to run your business in your production
system.
Go-Live and Support is the final andfifth phase of the project where the configured system is
declared ‘live’ for day-to-day business use. Users make productive (live) business transactions in
the system and all the issues cropping up in the wake of going live are supported and resolved by
a support team immediately.
57. List the Tools for the ‘Project Preparation Phase’ of ‘ASAP.’
(cid:131) ASAP Roadmap
(cid:131) Knowledge Corner
(cid:131) ASAP MS-Project Plan
(cid:131) C-Maps (Collaborative Business Maps)
(cid:131) Quicksizer
(cid:131) Pre-Configured Solutions (Connect-and-Go, Smart Implementations, etc.)
(cid:131) SAP Service Market Place
58. List the Tools for ‘Business Case Development’ in ‘ASAP.’
(cid:131) E-Business Case Builder
(cid:131) C-Maps
59. List the Tools for ‘Project Management and Methodology’ in
‘ASAP.’
(cid:131) Solution Manager
(cid:131) SAP Service Market Place
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 35 页 / 共 228 页
(cid:131) ASAP MS-Project Plan
(cid:131) ASAP Roadmap
(cid:131) ASAP Question and Answer Database
(cid:131) ASAP Business Blueprint
(cid:131) ASAP BPP (Business Process and Procedures Document)
(cid:131) ASAP BPML (Business Process Master List)
(cid:131) ASAP Issue Database
(cid:131) ASAP Implementation Assistant/Knowledge Corner
60. When do You Use the ‘ASAP BPML’ Tool?
The ASAP‘Business Process Master List (BPML)’ is used during the Realization (third phase)
of the ASAP Roadmap.
61. Explain ‘Hardware’ Sizing for a SAP Implementation.
ASAP provides a tool calledQuicksizer, which is used to analyze the hardware requirements (of
mySAP.com) and to arrive at the hardware sizing for the project based on your inputs to a list of
questions. The tool is Web-based to make mySAP.com faster and easier. The Quicksizer has
been developed by SAP in close cooperation with all platform partners and is free. The
Quicksizer calculates CPU, disk, and memory resources based on throughput numbers and the
number of users working with the different SAP components. The tool gives customers (and
prospects) an idea of the system size requirements for running the proposed workload, and is
also useful for initial budget planning. Initially used during the Project Preparation and
Blueprinting Phases, and anytime after these phases when there is a change in system
requirements, the tool helps in arriving at the recommendations for hardware deployment.
62. Explain ‘ASAP BPML.’
‘ASAP BPMLs (Business Process Master Lists)’ are MS-Excel Sheets generated by the ASAP
Q&A Database for facilitating configuration and testing of the system, and development of end-
user documentation. These lists become the central repository from which you build the individual
master lists to manage the initial configuration, final configuration, final end-user integration
testing, and any other end-user procedures including the documentation.
63. What are ‘BPPs’ in ASAP?
‘ASAP BPP (Business Process and Procedures)’ are templates that typically walk you through
a transaction in SAP and help you document them. The templates are replete with Best Practices
or Standard Procedures for completing a particular transaction, which you can customize for end-
user training. You will assign ASAP BPPS to the ASAP BPML.
64. Explain ‘C-Maps.’
‘C-Maps’or C-Business Maps (Collaborative Business Maps) represent a comprehensive
portfolio of industry-specific and cross-industry process blueprints that show you how the
mySAP.com e-business platform can help your business. These maps define the activities, roles,
system interfaces, and business documents required for inter-enterprise collaboration. They also
show which SAP Solutions and Services you need to make your organization a truly collaborative
e-business.
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 36 页 / 共 228 页
C-Business Maps explain what happens when you deploy e-business solutions to integrate
existing resources and transcend the borders of individual enterprises. They give you a complete
picture of the benefits and advantages of collaborative business processes.
65. What is the Advantage of SAP’s ‘Smart Implementations’?
‘Smart Implementations’ contain pre-configuration, documentation, installation, and
configuration accelerators for specific mySAP components. Smart Implementations provide tools
to assist with technical infrastructure planning, installation of necessary components, system
configuration and integration into an existing SAP system landscape, and infrastructure
management in a production system.
The Smart Implementation for the mySAP Workplace includes the following installation and
configuration features:
(cid:131) Easy system infrastructure configuration with theConfiguration Assistant
(cid:131) AutomaticmySAP Workplace component installation
(cid:131) Easy integration of multiple component systems
(cid:131) Pre-configuration of all software components, including the Web server and Internet
Transaction Server (ITS)
(cid:131) Basis customization of the SAP R/3 System (Workplace Server)
(cid:131) The System Administration Assistant, an easy-to-use tool providing a comprehensive
administration concept to support the system administrator in important tasks.
66. What is the ‘SAP Solution Architect’?
The‘SAP Solution Architect’ is the portal that integrates all content, tools, and methodologies
necessary for the solution-oriented evaluation, implementation, quick adaptation, and continuous
improvement of themySAP.com e-Businessplatform. It is fully integrated into the Customer
Engagement Life Cycle (CEL), open to partner content, and an integral part of the SAP Service
Infrastructure.
In one portal, the SAP Solution Architect integrates:
(cid:131) Best Practices for mySAP.com to evaluate, implement, and extend e-Business solutions.
(cid:131) Tried and tested implementation tools such as theImplementation Guide(IMG) and the
Test Workbench.
(cid:131) Access toC-Business Maps for in-depth information on collaborative business scenarios.
(cid:131) The ASAP method for running mySAP.com projects.
(cid:131) An authoring environment with which customers and partners can create their own pre-
configured implementation solutions.
(cid:131) Access to evaluation products such as theE-Business Case Builder and theSolution
Composer.
The benefits of using the SAP Solution Architect include:
(cid:131) Consistent access to all contents, tools, and methods for evaluating, implementing,
adapting, and continuously improving your mySAP.com e-business solution.
(cid:131) Rapid evaluation and implementation with Best Practices for mySAP.com.
(cid:131) Tried and tested evaluation and implementation tools that have been enhanced
specifically for use with mySAP.com.
(cid:131) Improved project communication and efficiency through a central portal.
(cid:131) A consistent and integrated approach that passes the business-oriented project definition
from one phase to the next.
(cid:131) Complete alignment with the ASAP Roadmap.
(cid:131) Information about updates, training, and changes via the SAP Service Marketplace.
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 37 页 / 共 228 页
67. What is ‘Configuration’ in SAP?
‘Configuration’ is the process of maintaining settings (parameters) in the system to support
specific/customized business requirements. Remember SAP is an ‘all-encompassing’ application
which needs to be ‘configured’ to meet your specific requirements.
68. What is the ‘IMG’?
The‘IMG (Implementation Guide)’ in SAP provides you with the various configuration steps in a
tree-like structure for easy access with the nodes at the bottom representing the configuration
objects. This is the central repository for customizing, providing a step-by-step guide for carrying
out various activities. Besides the steps/activities, the IMG also contains explanations concerning
the order in which you need to make the customizations. When you execute an activity from the
IMG, you are indirectly changing the values (parameters) in the underlying table.
Figure 12:SAP R/3 IMG
The IMG is structured and arranged into four major logical groups:
1. General Settings (Country settings, currencies, calendar maintenance, time zones, field
display characteristics, etc.)
2. Enterprise Structure (Definition, assignment, consistency check, etc.)
3. Cross-Application Components (ALE, Time sheet, CATT, CAD integration, DM-
Document Management, EDI, Engineering Change Management (ECM), etc.)
4. Functional Area Settings (FI, CO, Logistics, PP, PM, QM, etc.)
69. Explain the Various ‘Types’ of IMGs.
TheSAP Reference IMG provides all the customizing steps for all functional areas of SAP. This,
as the name suggests, is the ‘reference IMG’ from which you may create your own IMG to meet
the exact requirements of the (1) enterprise and (2) project.
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 38 页 / 共 228 页
TheEnterprise IMG is usually an exact copy of the ‘SAP Reference IMG,’ but limited to the
countries where the implementation is carried out. From the Enterprise IMG, you may create your
Project IMG, which will contain the application components/business processes required in the
current project.
It is also possible to create theProject IMG by directly generating it from the SAP Reference IMG.
In this case, the country selection is done when the Project IMGs are created.
Figure 13:IMG (Reference, Enterprise, and Project)
70. What are All the Various Ways of ‘Customizing’?
You can customize SAP using:
(cid:131) IMG: Just follow the IMG tree, step-by-step. No technical knowledge (about tables, views,
etc.) is required.
Example: To configure the ‘Country Code,’ just follow the IMG Menu Path ‘General
settings>Set countries>Define countries.’
(cid:131) Tables: You need to know the name and structure of the tables where the parameters
are directly entered. Technical knowledge of customizable objects is required.
Example: To configure the ‘Country Code,’ use transaction code:OY01. Enter the details in
TableV_T005.
71. Why is the ‘IMG’ Route of Customizing Easier than the ‘Tables’
Route?
(cid:131) IMG is a logical way to access data from multiple physical tables without knowing from
where the data is flowing. This is because there are many transactions, which affect more
than one table.
(cid:131) There is no need to know the names of Tables and fields, though it always helps to know
about the major tables.
(cid:131) IMG offers a step-by-step way of progressing from one activity to the other. Also, you can
classify the activities into various views such as ‘mandatory/critical/optional,’ ‘Client-
dependent/Client-independent,’ etc., so that you can proceed per your requirements and
time.
(cid:131) Since IMG provides you with the functional view, it becomes easier to ‘configure’ and test
immediately.
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 39 页 / 共 228 页
72. What is known as the ‘Go-Live Check’?
The‘Go-Live Check’ is done just before you cut over to ‘live’ (production) operation in a project.
This is to test whether the system is properly configured to meet the requirements of the business.
The check includes detecting problems in the(a) SAP R/3 Application,(b) Database, and(c)
Operating System.
First, theGo-live Check involves an analysis of the major system components of the R/3
installation with regard to system consistency and reliability. For this, SAP experts log on to your
R/3 system via a remote connection, inspect the configuration of individual system components,
and provide valuable recommendations for system optimization. By analyzing the individual
system components before production start up, SAP can considerably improve the availability
and performance of the customer’s live system. In addition, the technical application analysis
provides information on how to speed up the core processes within R/3.
Secondly, the transactions with high resource consumption are searched for and necessary
adjustments are made.
Thirdly, the changes from the two prior sessions are validated. This check is performed in the
productive operation system.
After a system goes live, some fine tuning and eliminating of potential bottlenecks is still
necessary. This is carried out four weeks after ‘going live’ with the R/3 System.
73. When Should You Conduct ‘Business Process Re-engineering’
(BPR)?
Typically‘Business Process Re-engineering (BPR)’ needs to be completed well before the
SAP implementation starts. This will help to identify any improvements that can be made prior to
implementation and begin the process of change within the organization. Improvements that will
be system-enabled will form part of the implementation and also help the project team to identify
areas of change.
However, it is also possible (but not recommended if there are large areas requiring total process
re-engineering) to do BPR during the business blueprint phase provided the project team works
within the boundary of the initial scope provided.
74. What are ‘User Parameters’?
SAP provides a way of lessening your day-to-day data entry operations by facilitating default
entries for fields, and bringing out the most suitableDisplayVariant for document display,
document entry, open/line item processing, etc. The user parameters, also known as‘Editing
Options,’ are a boon as they save time and result in greater accuracy as data entry errors are
eliminated with the default values.
You can, among many alternatives, set:
1. The system to default the ‘exchange rate’ from the first line item.
2. A preference so that the user does not process any ‘special GL transactions’ or ‘foreign
currency transactions.’
3. That the document needs to be complete before it is ‘parked.’
4. The system to calculate the tax component on the ‘net’ invoice and not on the ‘gross.’
5. Your document currency either as the ‘local currency’ or as the one used in the last
document.
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 40 页 / 共 228 页
6. The system to make a currency conversion if documents are to be fetched from
‘archives.’
7. Documents to be displayed using a ‘reference number.’
8. ‘Payment reference’ to be used as a selection item in open item processing.
9. To activate branch/head office ‘dialogue’ while processing line items.
Financial Accounting (FI)
General
75. Explain ‘Financial Accounting (FI)’ in SAP.
The‘FI (Financial Accounting)’ module of SAP is the back-bone, which records, collects, and
processes financial transactions or information on a real-time basis to provide the necessary
inputs for external (statutory) reporting. The module is integrated with other modules (such as
Material Management (MM), Sales & Distribution (SD), Human Resources (HR), Production
Planning (PP), Controlling (CO), etc.). The module FI has several submodules that are tightly
integrated.
76. What are the ‘Submodules’ within FI?
(cid:131) FI-AA Asset Accounting
Integrated with FI-GL, FI-AR, FI-AP, CO, MM, PP and PM, this module manages the
financial side (depreciation, insurance, etc.) of the assets throughout their entire lifecycle
starting with procurement of assets and ending with scrapping or sales.
(cid:131) FI-AP Accounts Payable
Integrated with FI-GL, FI-AA, FI-TR and MM, this submodule manages vendor transactions
by linking with material management, asset accounting, travel management, etc. Notable is
the ‘payment program’ for making payments to vendors.
(cid:131) FI-AR Accounts Receivable
Integrated with FI-GL, FI-AA, FI-TR, MM and SD, this submodule manages customers and
receivables, and integrates with SD. It is well-known for credit management functionalities
and the ‘dunning’ program.
(cid:131) FI-BL Bank Accounting
(cid:131) FI-FM Funds Management
(cid:131) FI-GL General Ledger Accounting
This submodule is integrated with all other submodules within FI and outside FI.
(cid:131) FI-SL Special Purpose Ledger
This submodule is used to provide the summary information from multiple applications at a
level of detail that the user defines.
(cid:131) FI-LC Legal Consolidations
This submodule helps in the central task of combining the financial operating results of the
companies within a group to provide overall results for the group.
(cid:131) FI-TM Travel Management
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 41 页 / 共 228 页
77. Name the Submodules Within FI, from Which FI-GL Gets
Simultaneous Postings.
(cid:131) Accounts Receivable (FI-AR)
(cid:131) Accounts Payable (FI-AP)
(cid:131) Asset Accounting (FI-AA)
78. Name Three Distinct Characteristics of FI-GL.
(cid:131) Multi-currency capability
(cid:131) Flexible real-time reporting
(cid:131) Real-time transaction entries
Global and Enterprise Settings
Before getting into the questions, please look into the FI organization structure depicted below.
When moving through the questions, at any point in time if you need clarification on the
arrangement of the various organizational elements, do visit this page again. To be successful as
an FI/CO consultant you need to have a thorough grasp of this basic fundamental block in SAP
FI/CO.
Figure 14:FI Organization Structure
79. What do You mean by ‘Organizational Units’ in SAP?
The‘Organizational Units’ in SAP are the elements or structures representing business
functions, and are used in reporting. For example, Client (across the various modules) Company
Code (FI), Controlling Area (CO), Plant (logistics), Sales Organization (SD), Purchasing
Organization (MM), Employee Group (HR), etc.
80. What are the Important ‘Organizational Units’ in FI?
1. Company
2. Company Code
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 42 页 / 共 228 页
3. Business area
81. What is a ‘Company’?
A‘Company’ in SAP is represented by a 5-character alphanumeric code and usually represents
the enterprise or the group company. A Company can include one or more Company Codes. The
creation of a Company, in SAP, is optional.
Figure 15:Company and Company Code
Figure 16:Define a Company
82. What is a ‘Company Code,’ and how is this different from a
‘Company’?
A‘Company Code’ in SAP is the smallest organizational unit for which you can draw individual
Financial Statements (Balance Sheet and Profit & Loss Account) for your external statutory
reporting. It is denoted by a 4-character alphanumeric code. The creation of a Company Code is
mandatory; you need to have at least one Company Code defined in the system, for
implementing FI.
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 43 页 / 共 228 页
Figure 17:Define a Company Code
You may define a Company Code by copying from an existing one (Copy, Delete, Check
Company Code Option).
You may also define the Company Code anew (the second option in the following figure), from
scratch.
Figure 18:Options to define a Company Code
83. What are the Important ‘Global Settings’ for a Company Code?
General data:
(cid:131) Company Code
(cid:131) Company Name
(cid:131) City
(cid:131) Address
(cid:131) Currency
(cid:131) Country
(cid:131) Language
Global data:
(cid:131) Chart of Accounts
(cid:131) Credit Control Area
(cid:131) Fiscal Year Variant
(cid:131) Field Status Variant
(cid:131) Posting Period Variant
84. Can You Assign more than One ‘Company Code’ to a
‘Company’?
All the Company Codes within a Company should use the same Chart of Accounts and the same
Financial Year, though they all can have different Local Currencies.
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 44 页 / 共 228 页
85. What is a ‘Business Area’?
‘Business Areas’ correspond to specific business segments of a company, and may cut across
different Company Codes (for example, product lines). They can also represent different
responsibility areas (for example, branch units). TheBusinessAreas are optional in SAP.
Figure 19:Business Area
The financial statements drawn per business area are for internal reporting purposes. You need
to put a check in the check box in the configuration for the company for which you want to enable
business area financial statements.
Figure 20:Enable Business Area Financial Statements
When transactions are posted in FI, you have the option of assigning the same to a Business
Area so that the values are properly captured for internal financial statements.
86. Can You Attach a ‘Business Area’ to a Transaction?
Yes. The Business Area can also be derived from other account assignments; for example, cost
center. But to do this, you need to define the Business Area in the master record of that particular
cost center.
87. How do You Post Cross-company Code Business Area
postings?
By using a cross-Company Code transaction, you should be able to post to different ‘Business
Areas’ and cut across various Company Codes. Any number of ‘Business Area-Company Code’
combinations is possible.
88. What is the ‘Credit Control Area’ in SAP?
The ‘Credit Control Area’ in SAP helps administer credit management functions relating to
customers. This organizational unit is used both in SD and FI-AR modules. By definition, you can
have more than one credit control area in a Client, but each Company Code is assigned to one
credit control area. However, it is true that you can attach many Company Codes to the same
credit control area.
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 45 页 / 共 228 页
Figure 21:Credit Control Area
89. What is a ‘Chart of Accounts’?
A ‘Chart of Accounts’ is the list of GL accounts used in one or more Company Codes. All the GL
accounts in a chart of accounts will have an account number, account name, and some control
information. The control information decides how the GL account can be created.
90. What are all the Major Components of a ‘Chart of Accounts’?
A‘Chart of Accounts’ includes the following components:
(cid:131) Chart of account key
(cid:131) Name
(cid:131) Maintenance language
(cid:131) The GL Account Number
(cid:131) Controlling integration
(cid:131) Group chart of accounts (consolidation)
(cid:131) Block indicator
91. What is an ‘Operating Chart of Accounts’?
This chart is used for day-to-day postings and is also known as an‘Operative’ or‘Standard’
chart of accounts. Both FI and CO use a chart of accounts. It is mandatory that the chart of
accounts be assigned to a Company Code.
92. How does ‘Group Chart of Accounts’ Differ from ‘Operating
Chart of Accounts’?
The‘Group Chart of Accounts,’ also known as theCorporate Chart of Accounts, is used for
consolidating all Company Codes (with a dissimilar Operative Chart of Accounts) falling under a
Company. This is the ‘universe’ of all-inclusive GL accounts from where the Operative Chart of
Accounts is derived. A Company Code is not mandatory.
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)
第 46 页 / 共 228 页
93. What is a ‘Country Chart of Accounts’? Why do You need This?
This chart of accounts, also known as anAlternate Chart of Accounts, contains the GL
accounts necessary to meet the specific statutory/legal requirements of a company from which a
Company Code operates. The assignment of this chart of accounts to a Company Code is also
optional. It is possible that both the operative and the country chart of accounts are one and the
same. In this case, you will not need two different charts of accounts.
In cases where the operative and country chart of accounts are different, a link needs to be
established by entering the GL account number from the ‘Country Chart of Accounts’ in the GL
master record (under the Company Code section) of the ‘Operative Chart of Accounts’ in the field
‘Alternate Account Number.’
94. Can one ‘Chart of Accounts’ be Assigned to Several Company
Codes?
Yes. One chart of accounts can be assigned to several Company Codes. However, the reverse is
not possible; i.e., you will not be able assign more than one chart of accounts to a single
Company Code.
95. What is a ‘Fiscal Year’ and ‘Fiscal Year Variant’?
A ‘fiscal year’ is the accounting period, which normally spreads over 12 months. Financial
statements are drawn for a fiscal year. The fiscal year, in SAP, is defined as a‘Fiscal Year
Variant.’AllCalendar Year Fiscal Year Variants, in standard SAP, are denoted usually as K1,
K2, etc.
Figure 22:Fiscal Year Variant
The fiscal year may or may not correspond to the calendar year. In the standard SAP system, the
Non-Calendar Fiscal Year Variants are denoted V1, V2, etc.
Figure 23:Fiscal Year Variant (non-calendar year)
It is also possible that the fiscal year may be shorter than 12 months, and this is called a
‘Shortened Fiscal Year’ (R1, in Figure-1).
96. How do You Assign a ‘Fiscal Year Variant’ to a Company Code?
2009(cid:5192)1(cid:7388)27(cid:7097)(cid:7155)(cid:7411)(cid:1120) (cid:10287)(cid:5192)(cid:7044)(cid:7161)(cid:3835)(cid:12048)(cid:2265)