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412. Explain ‘Prices Maintenance’ for Materials Transferred from ‘Legacy’ to
SAP........................................................................................................................165
413. What is the ‘Material Status’?....................................................................166
414. What is the ‘EAN’?......................................................................................166
415. What are Some of the ‘Partner Functions’ of a ‘Vendor’?....................166
416. What is a ‘Batch’ in the Context of ‘Batch Management’?....................166
417. What are the Possible Values for ‘Procurement Types’?.....................167
418. What are the ‘prerequisites’ for an ‘MRP Run’?.....................................167
419. What is an ‘MRP Area’?.............................................................................167
420. What is an ‘MRP List’?...............................................................................167
421. Explain the ‘Re-Order Point’ Procedure..................................................167
422. Explain the ‘Inventory Management’ Submodule...................................168
423. What is ‘Goods Movement’?......................................................................168
424. What is a ‘Goods Receipt’?.......................................................................168
425. Explain the ‘Accounting’ Side of GR........................................................168
426. What Happens During a ‘Goods Issue’?.................................................169
427. Explain ‘Stock Transfers.’..........................................................................169
428. What is a ‘Stock Type’?..............................................................................169
429. Explain ‘Return Delivery.’...........................................................................169
430. What are All the Various Types of ‘Physical Inventory’?......................170
431. What is a ‘Material Ledger’?......................................................................170
432. Explain ‘Split Valuation.’ Why is it Necessary?......................................170
433. Explain the Basic Steps in ‘Configuring Split Valuation.’......................170
434. Outline ‘Stock Valuation Methods’ for Material Revaluation................171
435. How Does ‘Automatic Account Assignment’ Work in MM?..................171
436. Explain ‘Automatic Account Assignment’ Configuration in MM...........171
437. Explain the ‘Transaction Keys’ in MM......................................................171
438. How Does the System Determine the Correct ‘GL a/c’ for a Posting?172
Production Planning (PP)............................................................................................172
439. Explain How the PP Module is Organized in SAP.................................172
440. Explain How ‘PP’ is ‘Integrated’ with Other Modules.............................173
441. What is a ‘BOM’?.........................................................................................173
442. What are the ‘BOM Categories’ Supported by SAP?............................173
443. What are All the ‘Technical Types of BOM’?..........................................173
444. Differentiate ‘Variant BOM’ from ‘Multiple BOM.’...................................173
445. Is it Possible to Convert a ‘Multiple BOM’ into a ‘Variant BOM’?........174
446. What is a ‘Work Center’ in PP?.................................................................174
447. What is a ‘Routing’ in PP?.........................................................................174
448. What are All the ‘Sub-components’ of Production Orders?..................174
449. What is a ‘Product Hierarchy’?..................................................................174
450. Define ‘BOM Group.’...................................................................................175
451. Define ‘SOP’ (Sales & Operations Planning)..........................................175
452. What is known as ‘Demand Management’?............................................175
453. What is ‘Capacity Planning’?.....................................................................175
454. Explain ‘MRP’ (Material Requirements Planning)..................................175
455. What are the Three ‘MRP Procedures’?..................................................176
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456. What is ‘MPS’ (Master Production Scheduling)?...................................176
457. What is ‘Consumption-based Planning’?.................................................176
Miscellaneous.................................................................................................................176
458. Explain ‘Cash Management’ in SAP........................................................176
459. What is the ‘Cash (Management) Position’?...........................................176
460. Explain ‘Groupings’ and ‘Levels.’..............................................................177
461. Explain ‘Liquidity Forecast.’.......................................................................177
462. How do You Set Up ‘Cash Management’ in SAP?................................178
463. Explain ‘Bank Statement’ in Cash Management....................................178
464. What are the Configurations for ‘Bank Statement Processing’?..........178
465. Differentiate ‘Manual Check Deposit’ from ‘Electronic Check Deposit.’
.................................................................................................................................178
466. Explain ‘Travel Management’ in SAP.......................................................179
467. What is a ‘Personal Action’?......................................................................179
468. What is an ‘Infotype’?.................................................................................179
469. Explain ‘Travel Manager’ in SAP..............................................................180
470. What is a ‘Value Priced’?...........................................................................180
471. What is a ‘Schedule Manager’?................................................................181
472. How do You Use the ‘Schedule Manager’ in SAP?...............................182
SAP Tables.....................................................................................................................182
Financial Accounting (FI)....................................................................................182
Controlling (CO)....................................................................................................186
Sales & Distribution (SD)....................................................................................188
Materials Management (MM).............................................................................190
Production Planning (PP)....................................................................................191
SAP Transaction Codes..................................................................................................193
Overview................................................................................................................193
Basis & ABAP.......................................................................................................196
Financial Accounting (FI): Customizing............................................................201
Financial Accounting (FI): Transactions...........................................................206
Material Management (MM)...............................................................................217
Sales and Distribution (SD)................................................................................220
Production Planning (PP)....................................................................................223
SAP Basics
1. What is ‘SAP'?
‘SAP’ is an acronym for ‘Systeme, Anwendungen, Produkte der Dataenverarbeitung,’ in German,
meaning‘Systems, Applications, and Products in DataProcessing.’ Founded in 1972, SAP—
with its headquarters in Walldorf, Germany—is the global market leader in collaborative, inter-
enterprise business solutions (i.e., business software). SAP employs close to 40,000 employees
worldwide, with more than 100,000 installations in about 40,000 companies in 120 countries.
More than 12 million people use SAP on a daily basis. There are more than 20 industry-specific
‘Industry Solutions,’ known commonly as ‘IS’ (IS-Oil, IS-Retail, IS-Bank, etc.).
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2. Tell Me More About (The History Of) SAP.
(cid:131) SAP was founded by five former IBM employees, in1972, to develop a standard
business application software, with the goal of processing business information in real-time.
The company, SAP GmbH, was started in Mannheim, Germany.
(cid:131) During1973, the company released its first financial accounting software,‘R1’ (the letter
‘R’ stands for ‘Real-Time Processing).’
(cid:131) In the late 1970s, SAP‘R/2’ was released with IBM’s database and a dialogue-oriented
business application.
(cid:131) R/2 was further stabilized during the early 1980s and the company came out with a
version capable of processing business transactions in several languages and currencies to
meet the needs of its international clientele.
(cid:131) SAP GmbH becameSAP AG in 1988. Later on, the company established subsidiaries in
countries such as the United States, Sweden, Denmark, and Italy.
(cid:131) The 1990s saw the introduction of SAP‘R/3,’ with client-server architecture and GUI,
which ran on almost any database, and on most operating systems. SAP R/3 heralded a new
era in enterprise computing, moving from a ‘main frame’ to a 3-tier architecture (Database-
>Application->User interface), which became the new industry standard.
(cid:131) By1996, the company had more than 9,000 installations worldwide. By the end of the
1990s, SAP had introduced the e-commerce enabledmySAP suite of products for
leveraging ever-expanding web technology.
(cid:131) SAP began the twenty-first century with theEnterprise Portal and role-based access to
business information.
(cid:131) SAP continues to evolve and innovate, bringing cutting-edge technologies to business-
information processing. SAP has already introduced SAPNetWeaver, which is based on
Enterprise Services Architecture (ESS) with application integration across diverse platforms
for providing one-stop end-to-end business processing. With NetWeaver, companies can
now integrate people, information, and processes.
3. What are the ‘Solutions’ Currently Available from SAP?
Currently,SAP Solutions include the following:
(cid:131) SAP ERP
(cid:131) SAP
(cid:131) SAP Business Suite
(cid:131) SAP R/3 and R/3 Enterprise
(cid:131) SAP for Industries
(cid:131) SAP xApps
(cid:131) SAP Solution Manager
4. What are the Components of the ‘SAP ERP’ Solution?
(cid:131) SAP ERP Central Component (ECC 6.0)
(cid:131) SAP SEM (Strategic Enterprise Management) (SEM 6.0)
(cid:131) SAP cProject Suite (Project and Portfolio Management 4.0)
(cid:131) SAP SRM for ERP (SRM 5.0)
(cid:131) SAP Catalog Content Management (CCM 2.0 for ERP 2004)
(cid:131) SAP Internet Sales for ERP
5. What is the Significance of the ‘SAP NetWeaver’ Platform?
The SAP‘NetWeaver’ platform allows organizations to build new business solutions rapidly while
realizing more business value from existing IT investments. SAP NetWeaver supports new cross-
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functional business processes and helps to lower theTotal Cost of Ownership (TCO) by
reducing the need for custom integration. It offers complete life cycle management for all of your
applications. It is also the foundation forEnterprise Services Architecture (EAS) and helps
align people, information, and business processes across organizational and technological
boundaries.
6. What are the Components of ‘NetWeaver’?
By providing an open integration and application platform and permitting the integration of the
Enterprise Services Architecture,SAP NetWeaver helps unify business processes across
technological boundaries, integrating applications for employees as needed, and
accessing/editing simple information easily in a structured manner.
Components include:
(cid:131) Security
(cid:131) People Integration
o Multi-channel Access
o Portal
o Collaboration
(cid:131) Information Integration
o Business Intelligence
(cid:131) BI (Business Intelligence) Content
o Knowledge Management
o Master Data Management
(cid:131) Process Integration
o Integration Broker
o Business Process Management
(cid:131) Application Platform
o Java
o ABAP
o Business Services
o Connectivity
o DB and OS Abstraction
o SAP Knowledge Warehouse
(cid:131) Life Cycle Management
o Customizing
o Software Change Management
o System Management
7. What are the Components of the ‘SAP Business Suite’?
(cid:131) SAP Customer Relationship Management (CRM 5.0)
(cid:131) SAP Supply Chain Management (SCM 5.0)
(cid:131) SAP Supplier Relationship Management (SRM)
o SAP SRM 2007
o SAP Catalog Content Management (SRM-MDM 1.0)
(cid:131) SAP Product Life Cycle Management
o SAP Product Life Cycle Management 4.00
o SAP Environment, Health, and Safety 2.7B
o SAP PLM Recipe Management 2.1
o Audit Management
(cid:131) SAP Compliance Management for SOA
o Management of Internal controls 1.0
(cid:131) SAP Learning Solution 2.00
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(cid:131) SAP Strategic Enterprise Management (SEM)
8. What are the Most Recent Releases of the ‘SAP R/3' Solution?
(cid:131) SAP R/3 Enterprise Release 4.70
(cid:131) SAP R/3 Release 4.6C/4.6B/4.5B/4.0B
9. What ‘Industry Solutions’ (IS) are Available from SAP?
There are 22 Industry Solutions available from SAP. They are:
(cid:131) SAP for Aerospace and Defense
(cid:131) SAP for Automotive
(cid:131) SAP for Banking
(cid:131) SAP for Consumer Products
(cid:131) SAP Contract Accounts Receivable and Payable
(cid:131) SAP for Defense and Security
(cid:131) SAP for Engineering, Construction and Operations
(cid:131) SAP for Financial Service Providers
(cid:131) SAP for Healthcare
(cid:131) SAP for Higher Education and Research
(cid:131) SAP for High Tech
(cid:131) SAP for Insurance
(cid:131) SAP for Media
(cid:131) SAP for Mill Products
(cid:131) SAP for Mining
(cid:131) SAP for Oil and Gas
(cid:131) SAP for Professional Services
(cid:131) SAP for Public Sectors
(cid:131) SAP for Retail
(cid:131) SAP for Telecommunications
(cid:131) SAP for Utilities
(cid:131) SAP for Wholesale Distribution
10. What is ‘SAP xApps’?
The‘SAP xApps’ family of composite applications enables continuous business innovation—and
provides the flexibility necessary to respond quickly and profitably to business changes. They
extend the value of core business investments and maximize the return on strategic assets:
employees, knowledge, products, business relationships, and IT.
SAP and SAP certified partners deliver these composite applications that drive specialized
business processes, provide comprehensive business insights, and focus on the needs of a
variety of industries.
All these applications combine Web services and data from multiple systems in an application
design made possible by the SAP Composite Application Framework within the SAP NetWeaver
technology platform. This framework includes the methodology, tools, and run-time environment
to develop composite applications. It provides a consistent object model and a rich user
experience, and gives developers a productive way to create composite applications on top of a
set of heterogeneous applications.
11. What are all the Components of ‘SAP xApps’?
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(cid:131) Duet
(cid:131) SAP Document Builder
(cid:131) SAP Global Trade Services
(cid:131) SAP xApp Manufacturing Integration and Intelligence
(cid:131) SAP xApp Resource and Portfolio Management
(cid:131) SAP xApp Product Definition
(cid:131) SAP xApp Cost and Quotation Management
(cid:131) SAP xApp Integrated Exploration and Production
(cid:131) SAP xApp Sales and Operations Planning
12. What is known as ‘Duet’?
A component under SAP xApps,‘Duet’ is a first-of-its-kind software solution from SAP and
Microsoft that enables users to easily and quickly interact with SAP business processes and data
via their familiar Microsoft Office environment. The result of a groundbreaking collaboration
between SAP and Microsoft, it is the first joint product created by these two industry leaders and
is designed to revolutionize how IT workers interact with enterprise applications.
Duet enables:
(cid:131) Budget Monitoring: Schedule time-critical alerts and notifications to monitor cost
centers or internal orders, which are delivered directly to Microsoft Outlook.
(cid:131) Demand Planning: Create and use planning sheets, as well as analyze and manage
demand planning data from the SAP System using Microsoft Excel.
(cid:131) Duet Reporting: Schedule reports to be delivered regularly to Microsoft Outlook, receive
individual reports on an as-needed basis, and view reports in Microsoft Excel.
(cid:131) Leave Management: Add leave requests as Microsoft Outlook calendar items that
integrate approval guidelines in the SAP System and enterprise-defined processes.
(cid:131) Sales Management: Manage CRM accounts and contacts, create business activities,
and access sales analytics information using Microsoft Outlook.
(cid:131) Team Management: Access up-to-date information about yourself and employees, open
positions, and organizational structures that are integrated from the SAP System into the
Microsoft Outlook contacts area.
(cid:131) Time Management: Record time in the Microsoft Outlook calendar, streamlining time
entry while ensuring time-reporting compliance in the SAP System.
(cid:131) Travel Management: Create a travel request and a travel expense report in the SAP
System using Microsoft Outlook.
13. Explain the ‘SAP Document Builder.’
‘SAP Document Builder’ (CA-GTF-DOB) is a content-driven and cross-application solution for
building and authoring complex documents. As a generic tool, it can be deployed within
international organizations and large corporations to generate contract and bid invitation
documents, banking-related documents, auto insurance policies, real estate contracts, and
corporate employment policies.
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You can deploy SAP Document Builder as a standalone application or integrate it with other SAP
or non-SAP components. For example, you can generate business documents required in a
procurement system and store them in an electronic data storage system.
TheSAP Document Builder supports you by:
(cid:131) Automating and streamlining the document-creation process.
(cid:131) Enforcing best practices.
(cid:131) Building documents that reflect company-specific styles and formats from one or more
regulation sets.
(cid:131) Determining inclusion or exclusion of clauses based on legal regulations by means of
rules.
14. Explain the ‘SAP Solution Manager.’
Providing central access to Tools, Methods, and Pre-Configured Content, theSAPSolution
Manager provides support throughout the life cycle of solutions—from Business Blueprint to
Configuration to Support.
The features include:
(cid:131) Implementation/Upgrade of SAP Solutions
o Central access to Project Tools (Project Administration, Business Blueprint,
Configuration, Test Workbench, Group Rollout Templates)
o Central management of Project Information (Roadmap, System Landscape,
Documentation, etc.)
o Enables comparing/synchronizing customizing in several SAP components
(cid:131) Solution Monitoring
o Central System Administration
o System Landscape Analysis with System Level Reporting
o Real-time System Monitoring
o Business Process Monitoring
(cid:131) Services and Support
o Access to programs/services for monitoring and optimizing system performance
and availability to minimize risks.
(cid:131) Service Desk
o Solution Support through Work Flow to create and manage Process/Problem
Messages.
(cid:131) Change Management
o Trace and audit system changes and transports through Change Request
Management.
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Figure 1:SAP Solution Manager
15. Explain how ‘mySAP ERP Financial’ is Better/Different than ‘R/3
Financial Accounting.’
‘mySAP ERP Financials’ is built on theNetWeaver platform, which is the foundation for service-
oriented business solutions, for deploying financial processes at a faster pace. Irrespective of the
business type, mySAP ERP Financials is designed to support financial accounting requirements
to provide a single complete platform to achieve excellence in accounting, performance
management, financial supply chain, and corporate governance. The features include:
(cid:131) Industry-Specific Financial Management
mySAP ERP Financials provides a comprehensive and robust analytical framework to
consolidate and/or dissect business information generated in industry solutions or core
enterprise processes: all managers in all operations have an improved visibility with a single
integrated solution.
(cid:131) Performance Management
mySAP ERP Financials provides a single solution for the entire life cycle of Corporate
Performance Management by delivering real-time, personalized measurements and metrics
to improve business insight and productivity of non-technical users. Executives, managers,
and business workers will now have access to information such as business statistics and
Key PerformanceIndicators (KPI) presented in the context of business tasks for better
insight and faster decision making. mySAP ERP Financials encompasses:
o Consolidated financial and statutory reporting
o Planning, budgeting, and forecasting
o Strategy management and scorecards
o Risk management
o Financial analytics
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(cid:131) Financial and Management Accounting
mySAP ERP Financials helps companies comply with global accounting standards (such as
the United States’Generally Accepted AccountingPrinciples (GAAP) and the
International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS). With the‘New FI-GL’ functionality
(Refer to Q.181 for more details) you will now have the ability to generate financial
statements of any dimension of the business (unit, profit center, geographical location, etc.).
This offers greater flexibility to extend a chart of accounts and allows an easier method of
reporting by individual management units and segments. This feature helps companies
reduce the complexity and costs associated with parallel accounting or managing a set of
books by region, industry, or regulatory reporting statute.
(cid:131) Corporate Governance
With a set of applications and tools, mySAP ERP Financials assists in meeting the specific
requirements of today’s financial regulations such as theSarbanesOxley Act. You now
have an intuitive mechanism to collect, document, assess, remediate, and attest to internal
control processes and safeguards to ensure transparent business activity. By configuring
controls and defining rules and tolerances for your business, you can easily customize
internal processes for security, reporting, and error prevention. In addition, you can now
document all your internal control processes and make them visible to corporate executives,
auditors, and regulators.
(cid:131) Financial Supply Chain Management
Provides the tools to help you manage your financial supply chain and cash-flow cycle more
effectively, through end-to-end process support of:
o Credit Management
o Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment
o Collections Management
o Dispute Management
o In-house Cash Management
o Cash and Liquidity Management
o Bank Relationship
o Treasury and Risk Management Processes
16. What is an ‘SAP Solution Map’?
mySAP ERP, besides supporting your most important business processes, also provides tools to
help you understand how these processes work. One such tool is the‘SAP Solution Map,’ a
multi-level blueprint of processes, which helps you visualize, plan, and implement a coherent,
integrated, and comprehensive IT solution. SAP Solution Maps also show how various processes
are covered, including the processes that SAP and its partners support. With solution maps, you
quickly understand business solutions and the business value they can bring.
17. What is ‘SAP Business One’?
‘SAP Business One’ is the low-cost, easy-to-implement business management solution from SAP
for Small and Medium Enterprises (SME). Unlike regular ERP software from SAP, this solution
gives managers on-demand access to critical real-time information through ‘one single system’
containing financial, customer relationship management, manufacturing, and management control
capabilities. As a result, the solution enables rapid employee productivity, while empowering
managers to make better business decisions to stay ahead of the competition. Equipped with a
user-friendly interface, SAP Business One serves as your central ERP hub with standard
interfaces to internal and external data sources, handheld computers, CRM applications, and
other leading analysis tools.
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SAP Business One is based on the Microsoft Windows platform making it easier to comprehend
and use. The application comes with a ‘demo company,’ which can be used by the implementing
company to become familiar with functionalities.
The modules of SAP Business One include:
(cid:131) Administration
(cid:131) Financials
(cid:131) Sales Opportunities
(cid:131) Sales—A/R
(cid:131) Purchasing—A/P
(cid:131) Business Partners
(cid:131) Banking
(cid:131) Inventory
(cid:131) Production
(cid:131) MRP
(cid:131) Service
(cid:131) Human Resources
(cid:131) Reporting
ABAP and Basis
18. What is ‘Basis’?
‘Basis’ is a collection of R/3 programs, which provide the run-time environment for ABAP/4.
Imagine Basis as something that is ‘sitting’ in between the ABAP/4 program code and the
computer’s operating system. Basis reads ABAP/4 program code and interprets the same into
operating system instructions; without Basis you cannot execute any of your ABAP/4 programs.
SAP provides a plethora of tools to administer Basis, which ultimately helps to monitor system
configuration, system performance, and system maintenance. The Basis administrator is usually
called the ‘Basis Consultant.’
19. Explain the SAP R/3 ‘System Architecture.’
SAP R/3 is based on a 3-tierClient-Server model, represented by the:
(cid:131) Database Layer
(cid:131) Application Layer
(cid:131) Presentation Layer
In a 3-tier Client server model, all the above three layers run on three different machines.
TheDatabase Layer consists of an RDBMS (Relational Database Management System), which
accepts the database requests from the Application Layer, and sends the data back to the
Application Layer, which in turn passes it on to the Presentation Layer.
TheApplication Layer or the server interprets the ABAP/4 programs, receiving the inputs from
them and providing the processed output to them.
ThePresentation Server or ‘Presentation Layer’ is what is installed on the typical workstation of
a user. This is nothing but the SAPGUI, which when started provides the user with the interface of
SAP R/3 menus. This interface accepts the inputs from the user, passes them on to the
Application Server, processes the inputs and sends back the output. If database processing is
required, the Application Server sends the details to the Database Layer, receives the data, and
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then processes it at the Application Layer level and sends back the output to the Presentation
Layer where the SAPGUI may format the data before displaying it on the screen.
Figure 2:SAP R/3 System Architecture
20. What is an ‘Instance’?
An ‘Instance’ is an administrative unit that groups together components of an SAP R/3 system or
simply an Application Server, which has its own set of work processes. A Client can contain many
instances. Loosely defined, an instance refers to a server.
Sometimes the database is also referred to as an ‘instance.’ In this case it is called the‘Central
Instance.’
21. What do You Mean by the ‘SAP R/3 System Landscape’?
The‘System Landscape,’ in SAP, refers to a number of systems and their deployment within an
SAP installation. The various systems may be designated as Development, Test, and Production
Clients.
22. What is an ‘R/3 Data Dictionary’?
The‘Data Dictionary’ is a collection of logical structures of various objects (Tables, Views, or
Structures) used in application development in SAP, which shows how they are mapped to the
underlying RDBMS in Tables/Views.
23. What is an ‘SAP Business Object’?
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An‘SAP Business Object’ is similar to real-world business objects such as Sales Order, Invoice,
Employee, etc., which consist of various tables/programs that are related to each other in a
business context. All the business objects are maintained in the‘BOR (Business Object
Repository).’
Figure 3:SAP Business Object
The various characteristics of an object are called‘Attributes.’ For example, the business object
Sales Order is characterized by the following attributes:
(cid:131) Date of the order
(cid:131) Items of the order
(cid:131) Prices of various items of the order
(cid:131) Name of the customer to whom the order belongs to
The application program or programs used by the system to change or manipulate a business
object are known as Method(s). For example, a program could be used to(a) check the
availability of stock to deliver,(b) trace the shipment route,(c) check the item prices,(d) validate
the order date, etc.
So, attributes and methods collectively represent business objects in SAP.
24. Explain ‘Client-Dependent’ and ‘Client-Independent’ Tables.
There are certain tables, in SAP, which when changed will not affect similar tables in other Clients.
These are known as ‘Client-Dependent’ tables. All Client-dependent tables have Mandt as their
first field.
On the other hand, if a change made in one Client is reflected in another table across various
Clients, then such a table is called ‘Client-Independent.’ In this case, the first field of the table will
not be ‘Mandt.’ You need to be extra careful when changing the settings or content of these
tables as this will affect all the Clients.
25. What are the Different ‘Types’ of ‘ABAP/4 Programs’?
There are nine types of ABAP/4 programs in SAP:
(cid:131) 1 Executable Programs (ABAP Reports)
(cid:131) I INCLUDE Program
(cid:131) M Module Pool/Dialogue programs
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(cid:131) S Sub-Routine Pool
(cid:131) J Interface Pool
(cid:131) K Class Pool
(cid:131) T Type Pool
(cid:131) F Function Group
(cid:131) X XSLT Program
26. What are ‘Internal Tables’?
‘Internal Tables’ are standard data type objects which exist only during the Runtime of an
ABAP/4 program. They are used to perform table calculations on subsets of database tables and
for re-organizing the contents of database tables according to a user’s need. Internal tables fulfil
the need for arrays in ABAP/4.
There are three types of internal tables:
(cid:131) Standard Tables with a ‘linear’ index. The key is always ‘non-unique.’
(cid:131) Sorted Tables with either a ‘unique’ or ‘non-unique’ key.
(cid:131) Hashed Tables (they do not have a linear index) with the key defined always as ‘unique.’
27. What is a ‘Logical Database’?
A ‘Logical Database’ is a special data-retrieval program delivered by SAP, with its own dynamic
Selection Screens. You need to code only the processing logic (GET, CHECK, etc., statements).
The logical database consists of a ‘read’ program in which the structure of the local database is
reproduced with a selection screen.
Advantages:
(cid:131) Check functions to validate that user input is complete and correct.
(cid:131) Meaningful data selection.
(cid:131) Central authorization checks for database accesses.
(cid:131) Excellent read access performance while retaining the hierarchical data view determined
by the application logic.
28. What are the Two Methods for Modifying SAP ‘Standard Tables’?
You can modifySAP ‘Standard Tables’ using:
(cid:131) Append Structures
(cid:131) Customizing INCLUDES
29. What is ‘BDC’ Programming in SAP?
‘BDC (Batch Data Conversion)’ is an automated procedure for transferring large volumes of
external or legacy data into the SAP system using batch input programming. There are three
ways to do this:
(cid:131) Call Transaction Method
(cid:131) Session Method
(cid:131) Direct Input Method
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Irrespective of the method, the techniques use the following steps:
o Identify the screens of the transaction that the program will process.
o Write a program to build the BDC table that will be used to submit the data (i.e.,
text file) to SAP.
o Submit the BDC table to the system in the ‘batch mode’ or as a ‘single
transaction’ by the CALL TRANSACTION command.
The ‘Call Transaction’ method cannot be used when you want to process multiple transactions.
Instead, use the ‘BDC-insert function’ to achieve this.
30. What is the ‘BAPI’?
The‘BAPI (Business Application Programming Interface)’ is SAP’s standardized application
interface for integrating third party applications with SAP’s business processes and data thereby
providing an entry into the R/3 system. A BAPI may be used to create a ‘business object’ or to
change the attributes of a business object. Note that the assignment of a BAPI to a business
object is always 1-to-1.
A BAPI Explorer helps you to move around the collection of BAPIs in the system, which is
grouped both hierarchically and alphabetically. For each BAPI in the explorer, you are provided
with several tabs for details, documentation, tools, and projects (to create new BAPIs).
Figure 4:BAPI Explorer
A BAPI can:
(cid:131) Create a Purchase Order
(cid:131) Change a Purchase Requisition
(cid:131) Create a Customer
(cid:131) Display an Invoice
31. What is ‘ALE’?
‘ALE (Application Link Enabling)’ is used to support the construction and operation of
distributed applications, through the exchange of data messages ensuring data consistency
across loosely coupled SAP applications, using both ‘synchronous’ and ‘asynchronous’
communications without the need for a central database.
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ALE is comprised of three layers:
(cid:131) Application services
(cid:131) Distribution services
(cid:131) Communication services
ALE helps to:
(cid:131) Distribute applications across several SAP systems, such that centralized/decentralized
functions can operate in the same company area.
(cid:131) Maintain and distribute master data elements from a central system.
(cid:131) Maintain and distribute control data objects from a central system with the synchronized
configuration data (important to decentralize functions yet keep them integrated).
(cid:131) Link R/2 and R/3 systems.
(cid:131) Link SAP and external systems, viaIDocs (Intermediate Documents).
32. Is ‘SAP XI’ Intended to Replace ‘ALE’?
Most ALE solutions are custom built with very little re-usability and scalability. The introduction of
SAP XI along with the NetWeaver technology replaces ALE with out-of-box functionality available
in SAP XI.
33. What is an ‘RFC’?
A‘Remote Function Call (RFC)’ is a call to a ‘function module’ running in a system different
from the ‘calling-system.’ The remote function can also be called from within the same system (as
a ‘remote call’), but usually the ‘calling-system’ and the ‘called-system’ will be in different systems.
An RFC helps to take care of the following communication:
(cid:131) Communications between two independent SAP systems.
(cid:131) Client-server communications between an external Client and an SAP system acting as
the server.
(cid:131) Client-server communications between an SAP System acting as the Client and an
external server.
34. What is ‘OLE’?
For the Windows front-end, SAP provides interfaces based on Microsoft’s‘ObjectLinking and
Embedding’ Technology(OLE Automation) for embedding objects such as Microsoft Excel files.
35. What is a ‘Match Code’ in SAP?
‘Match Codes’ (now known asSearch Help with release 4.6) help to search and retrieve data
when the key of a record is not known. The technique involves(a) creating a‘Match Code
Object’ (now known as a‘Search Help Object’) and(b) specifying a‘Match Code ID.’ The
system helps you to access the match codes (search help) in the following ways:
(cid:131) Keeping the cursor in the field, and then pressing‘F4.’
(cid:131) Keeping the cursor in the field, clicking the ‘right’ button on the mouse, and then selecting
‘possible entries.’
(cid:131) Keeping the cursor in the field, and then clicking on the ‘magnifying glass.’
36. What is a ‘Drill-down’ Report?
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A‘Drill-Down Report,’ also called anInteractive Report, is a report with more detail. Imagine
that you are looking at a Balance Sheet, presented as a ‘drill-down’ report.
The topmost list, also known as the‘Basic List,’ contains the top-level information such as
current assets, fixed assets, etc., under the grouping ‘assets’ on one side of the Balance Sheet.
The ‘drill-down’ functionality helps you select a line item from the Basic List (e.g., fixed assets)
and ‘drill-down’ further to a detailed list(‘secondary list’) which displays various components of
the fixed assets such as land, buildings, machinery, etc. You may ‘drill-down’ even further by
doubleclicking the ‘building’ line, which will bring up the next detailed list and so on.
You will be able to create a ‘drill-down’ report with a maximum ‘drill’ level of 20; that is, including
the Basic List you will have a total of 21 levels in a single ‘drill-down’ report.
Figure 5:Drill-down report
37. What is ‘ALV’ Programming in ABAP?
SAP provides a set of‘ABAP List viewer (ALV)’ function modules, which can be used to
enhance the readability and functionality of any report output. This is particularly useful in a
situation where the output of a report contains columns extending 255 characters in length. In
such cases, this set of ALV functions can help the user to choose and arrange columns from a
report output and also save different variants for report display. This is very efficient for
dynamically sorting and arranging the columns and provides a wide array of display options.
38. What is ‘DynPro’?
‘DynPro’ in SAP refers to Dynamic Programming relating to the screens and ‘flow logic,’ which
controls the processing and display of these screens. On a broader scale, a screen is also
referred to as a ‘DynPro.’
39. What is an ‘ABAP/4 Query’?
‘ABAP/4 Query’ (also known as anSAP Query orQuery) is a powerful tool used to generate
simple reports without any coding. Typically, an ABAP/4 query is created first by defining aUser
Groupand a Functional Group. The functional group can either be created with reference to a
‘logical’ table or a database table. Once the functional group is defined, the user group is
assigned to the functional group. The last step is to create the query on the functional group that
is generated.
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