AC415_EN_Col52_FV_Part_A4 (第2页) | ERP软件技术分享

第 44 页 / 共 181 页

Unit2: MasterData AC415

The“Create”groupwithreferencefunctionallowsyoutocopyagroupstructure

toanewgroup. Thehighestlevelgroupnameiscreatedphysically;thehierarchy

belowthisgroupisthesameasthereferencehierarchy. Youcanthenmodifythis

new group as required.

Order groupmaintenancealsoincludesthe“Copy”groupwithsuffixfunction.

You can copy an existing hierarchy and append a suffix to the groups in the

hierarchytocreateanhistoricalviewofthegroupstructure. Youcanthenfreeze

thehierarchywiththesuffixandmakechangestothecurrenthierarchytoreflect

your new grouping requirements.

You can assign an order to multiple groups, but you cannot define a standard

hierarchy.

If you create or change groups of internal orders, then you can also assign a

selection variant to an end node. This provides you with a dynamic group, in

whichthecontentscanchange. Thesystemperformanceisbetterfor groupsif

they do not have selection variants.

Figure 16: Manual Collective Processing

The SAP system provides functions which can be used to process multiple

overhead cost orders simultaneously.

You use selection variants to gather orders in a single listing for collective

processing (for example, master datamaintenance or order settlement). Along

withorderfields,youcanalsomakeselectionsonthebasisofthefollowing:

• Boolean formulas

• Order classification data

• Order settlement receivers

第 45 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Grouping and Collective Processing

You can create an order group from the selected orders and use this group in

reporting.

Youcanselectthemasterdatafieldsthatyouwouldliketoprocessdirectly,that

is,youdonothavetocreateanylistvariants(newfeaturein4.6C).

Figure 17: Automatic Collective Processing

Automaticcollectiveprocessingoffersconvenientoptionsforchangingmultiple

ordersinonestep. Youcanupdatethestatusoftheordersorsubstitutevalueson

the order master record using this function.

Figure 18: Substitution Rules for Orders

Automaticcollectiveprocessingoffersconvenientoptionsforchangingmultiple

ordersinonestep. Youcanupdatethestatusoftheordersorsubstitutevalueson

the order master record using this function.

第 46 页 / 共 181 页

Unit2: MasterData AC415

Thedefinitionofsubstitutionrulesisusedtoundertakecollectivechangesfor

orders based on any desired criteria. Each rule consists of one or more steps,

each comprising two main components:

• Theprerequisite,aswiththeorderlist,isthedefinitionofaselectionvariant

thatfindstheorderstobeprocessed. ItisdefinedusingBooleanstatements.

Therelevantvaluesaresubstitutedonlyifthispreconditionismet.

• Thesubstitutioncontainsthevaluestobetransferredintotherelevantfields.

第 47 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Grouping and Collective Processing

Exercise 3: Grouping and Collective

Processing

Exercise Objectives

After completingthisexercise, youwillbeableto:

• Collect orders into groups

• Changeanumberoforderswithcollectiveprocessing

Business Example

The Motor Pool department creates a statistical order for each vehicle so that

theycananalyzethecostsforeachvehicleindividually. Therealcostsshouldbe

posted to the Motor Pool cost center.

You will also be creating an order group so that you can process your orders

collectively.

Task 1:

Fulfil the following task:

1. Create an order group to collectively process the orders that you have

created. CallthegroupGR##andenterOrderGroup##asadescription

for it. Assign the twoordersthat you created inthepreviousexercises to

this group. Save your order group.

Task 2:

Youforgottoassignyouroverheadcostorderstothecostcentersresponsiblefor

managingtheorders. Updateyourordermasterrecordsmanuallyusingcollective

processing.

1. Define your own selection variant (VAR##) in Customizing. Use your

order group (GR##) as a selection criteria for calling up and processing

your orders.

2. AssignthemarketingbrochureorderandthePCrepair/maintenanceorder

to the cost center responsible for them (“Marketing” cost center 3200).

Save your changes.

Continued on next page

第 48 页 / 共 181 页

Unit2: MasterData AC415

Task 3:

Createastatisticaloverheadcost order. You wantto analyzethecostsfor your

newcompanycarinadifferentwaytotheMotorPoolcostcenter,whichcollects

the costs of all vehicles.

1. Createthestatisticalorder. Usestatisticalordertype1000. Nametheorder

AUTO##andaddyourgroupnumbertotheshorttext. Assigntheorderto

businessarea9900andprofitcenter1400. Switchonthestatisticalindicator

andsaveyourorder. RecordtheordernumberonyourDatasheet.

第 49 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Grouping and Collective Processing

Solution 3: Grouping and Collective

Processing

Task 1:

Fulfil the following task:

1. Create an order group to collectively process the orders that you have

created. CallthegroupGR##andenterOrderGroup##asadescription

for it. Assign the twoordersthat you created inthepreviousexercises to

this group. Save your order group.

a) SAPEasyAccess→InternalOrders→MasterData→OrderGroup

→ Create

EnterGR## in the Order Group field.

ENTER.

EnterOrderGroup##asadescriptioninthetextfieldthatappears.

Choose Edit → Order →Insert Order.

Entertheordernumbersonebeneaththeotherinthefirstcolumn.

ENTER.

Select Save.

Continued on next page

第 50 页 / 共 181 页

Unit2: MasterData AC415

Task 2:

Youforgottoassignyouroverheadcostorderstothecostcentersresponsiblefor

managingtheorders. Updateyourordermasterrecordsmanuallyusingcollective

processing.

1. Define your own selection variant (VAR##) in Customizing. Use your

order group (GR##) as a selection criteria for calling up and processing

your orders.

a) SAP Reference IMG → Controlling → Internal Orders → Order

Master Data → Selection and Collective Processing → Define

Selection Variants

Select Variants → Create

Enter VAR##.

ENTER.

EnteryourordergroupGR##asaselectionvalue.

ChooseBackandconfirmthepop-upbychoosingYes.

EnterVariant Group##intheMeaningfield.

Save your entries

Continued on next page

第 51 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Grouping and Collective Processing

2. AssignthemarketingbrochureorderandthePCrepair/maintenanceorder

to the cost center responsible for them (“Marketing” cost center 3200).

Save your changes.

a) SAPEasyAccessmenu→InternalOrders→MasterData→Special

Functions→CollectiveProcessing→Manually

Enteryourselectionvariant(VAR##fromexercise5.1).

Select Execute (F8).

Confirm any warning messages.

Choose → Settings → Choose Fields

Search thepool of available fields andselect the line “Responsible

CCtr” (Responsible Cost Center).

Onceyouhaveselected thelineResponsibleCCtr, transferitinto

your list of selection criteria.

ENTER.

Inthetoppartofthescreen, clickonthecolumnResponsibleCCtr

to select it.

Enter cost center 3200.

Choose →Edit → ChangeFieldValues

Select Save.

Confirm thepop-up by choosing “ALL”.

Continued on next page

第 52 页 / 共 181 页

Unit2: MasterData AC415

Task 3:

Createastatisticaloverheadcost order. You wantto analyzethecostsfor your

newcompanycarinadifferentwaytotheMotorPoolcostcenter,whichcollects

the costs of all vehicles.

1. Createthestatisticalorder. Usestatisticalordertype1000. Nametheorder

AUTO##andaddyourgroupnumbertotheshorttext. Assigntheorderto

businessarea9900andprofitcenter1400. Switchonthestatisticalindicator

andsaveyourorder. RecordtheordernumberonyourDatasheet.

a) SAPEasyAccessmenu→InternalOrders→MasterData→Special

Functions → Order → Create

Enter1000 in the Order Type field.

Choose Master Data.

EnterAUTO## in the Order field.

Enter ## at the end of the text in the Description field (Statistical

order vehicle: ##).

Check the following settings:

Business Area field should be 9900.

Profit Center field should be 1402.

Choose the “Control data” tab.

CheckthattheStatisticalordersettingisflaggedandactive.

Select Save.

第 53 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Grouping and Collective Processing

Lesson Summary

You should now be able to:

• Collect orders into order groups

• Processordersinbothmanualandautomaticcollectiveprocessing

第 54 页 / 共 181 页

UnitSummary AC415

Unit Summary

You should now be able to:

• Define an order type

• Nameanumberofcontrolcharacteristicsoftheordertype

• Create orders

• Use the Order Manager

• Changethescreenlayoutcontrolforinternalorders

• Maintain model orders

• Understand the life cycle of the orders

• Differentiatebetweenthesystemanduserstatuses

• Define your own user status profile

• Collect orders into order groups

• Processordersinbothmanualandautomaticcollectiveprocessing

第 55 页 / 共 181 页

Unit 3

Event-Based Postings

Unit Overview

In this chapter we enter postings from various original applications on the

overheadcost ordersandthenanalyzethem. Wealsoinvestigatetheeffectson

real and statistical orders.

In the commitments management area, theparticipants see which settings are

requiredtoentercommitmentsontheordersandtotracethecosteffects.

Unit Objectives

After completing thisunit, you will beableto:

• Makeevent-relatedpostingsfromoriginalexpensestooverheadcostorders

• Analyze the resultsof thepostingsin reports

• Maketherequiredsettingsforcommitmentmanagement

• Understandthecommitment valuesontheorder

• Explaintheeffectof thecommitmentcarryforward

Unit Contents

Lesson: Event-Based Postings Within and Outside Management

Accounting........................................................................48

Exercise 4: Event-Based Postings........................................53

Lesson: Commitment Management...........................................59

Exercise 5: Commitment Management...................................63

第 56 页 / 共 181 页

Unit3: Event-BasedPostings AC415

Lesson: Event-Based Postings Within and Outside

Management Accounting

Lesson Overview

Orders are updated by event-based postings from different SAP application

components. Hereyoulearnwhicheventscanbedebitedtooverheadcostorders.

Lesson Objectives

After completingthislesson, you will beable to:

• Makeevent-relatedpostingsfromoriginalexpensestooverheadcostorders

• Analyzetheresultsof thepostingsin reports

Business Example

Since you have management responsibility for this application, you need to

understand theflowof costsonto an order. Since the enterpriseuses all of the

SAPintegratedapplicationcomponents, youwillexaminehowbusinessevents

recordedinotherapplicationsaffectyouroverheadorders. Additionally,youplan

tousefunctionalitywithinManagementAccountingtoupdateinformationposted

incorrectly,torecordmeasuresorstatisticsforyourorders,andtorecordactivities

performedbycostcenterswhicharechargedtoorders.

Figure 19: Event-Based Postings Through Integration

Orders are updated by event-based postings from different SAP application

components, likein Cost Center Accounting.

第 57 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Event-BasedPostingsWithinandOutsideManagementAccounting

InFinancial Accounting, you can assign postingsof primarycosts(suchasfor

external servicesanddeliveries) toanoverheadorder.

InMaterialsManagement,goodsreceiptsandgoodsissuesmayresultinprimary

cost postings to an overhead order.

Controlling

• Tomap commitmentsmanuallyin ManagementAccounting, you needto

enter funds commitments.

• Repostingfunctionsallowyoutopostprimarycoststoanorder. Youcanpost

secondarycostsfromacostcentertoanorderwithdirectactivityallocations.

• Youcanrecordstatisticalkeyfiguresforuseasthebasisforallocationsto

your orders and for analyzing your orders.

Whenyoupostactualcosts,thesystemautomaticallycreates:

• Totals records

• Line items

A totalsrecord summarizesall the costs posted to the order under a particular

cost element.

Topostactualcoststoanorder,theorderstatusmustallowthistypeofbusiness

transaction.

Figure 20: Postings to Real and Statistical Orders

Whenyoupostactualcoststoarealorder,thecostsareinitiallycollectedinthe

order, and you then have the option of reposting or settling the costs to other

receiversasrequired. Iftheorderisassignedtoaprofitcenterinthemasterrecord,

theactualcostsarepostedstatisticallytotheprofitcenter.

第 58 页 / 共 181 页

Unit3: Event-BasedPostings AC415

Youcanalsospecifyacostcenterwhenyoupostactualcoststoarealorder. In

this case, the cost center receives astatistical posting of the actual costs. The

costsarestillmanagedatorderlevel,butthecostinformationisalsoavailablefor

analysis at cost center level.

Whenyouarepostingactualcoststoastatisticalorder,youmustenterarealcost

assignmentobject,suchasacostcenter,realorder,orprofitabilitysegment. You

canthenmanagethecostsatcontrolling-objectlevel,butyoucananalyzethem

in more detail at order level.

Tofacilitatedataentry,youcanassignarealcostcentertoastatisticalorderinthe

ordermasterrecord. Thefollowingtwooptionsareavailable:

• Thesystemalwaysusestheassignedcostcenter. Inthiscase,ifyouenter

adifferentcostcentermanually,thesystemreplacesitwiththecostcenter

assigned in the order master record.

• Thesystemusestheassignedcostcenteronlyifnoothercostcenterhasbeen

entered manually (deviating posting logic).

Figure 21: Postings in Management Accounting

You may also use event-based postings within Overhead Cost Controlling

(CO-OM)foroverheadorders. Thesefunctionsareperformedthesamewayas

thecorrespondingfunctionsinCostCenterAccounting.

第 59 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Event-BasedPostingsWithinandOutsideManagementAccounting

Event-basedallocationsareentereddirectlyonscreenandresultintheimmediate

movementofactualcostsbetweenthesenderandreceiverobjects. Thefollowing

are event-basedallocations for overheadorders:

• Reposting costs and revenues

• Reposting line items

• Direct activity allocations

• Reposting direct activity allocations

Besidespostingprimaryandsecondarycosts,youcanpoststatisticalkeyfigures

to your orders. Statistical key figures are used as the basis for periodic cost

allocationsto theorders andfor order analysis.

第 60 页 / 共 181 页

Unit3: Event-BasedPostings AC415

第 61 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Event-BasedPostingsWithinandOutsideManagementAccounting

Exercise 4: Event-Based Postings

Exercise Objectives

After completingthisexercise, youwillbeableto:

• Makeprimarycostpostingstorealandstatisticalorders

Business Example

YouknowthattheordersusedbytheIDESGroupdepartmentsareupdatedwhen

business transactions are carried out in Materials Management and Financial

Accounting,aswellasdirectlyinManagementAccounting.

As a part of your review of the flow of costs into and within Controlling, you

executestandardG/LaccountpostingsinFinancialAccountingtodebitthe"real"

marketingbrochureorderandthestatisticalautomobileorder. Thiswillclarify

the difference between them.

Task:

CreateG/Laccountpostingsforyourmarketingbrochureoverheadorderandfor

yourmotorpoolorderandcomparetheresultsintheinformationsystem.

1. ExecuteapostingofEUR5,000inyour“CellPhone##”orderforlayout

consulting services. Thecompany codeis 1000 and the cost element is

417000(purchasedservices). Theoffsettingaccountis113100(Deutsche

Bank).

Hint: In the G/L account master records, some of the expense

accountsareconfiguredtoindicatethattaxesmaybeassociatedwith

theseaccounts,butarenotmandatory. Thewarningmessageisto

ensurethatyoudonotforgettoenterataxcodewhenappropriate.

For this exercise, all expenses will be treated as non-taxable.

Therefore, youcanignorethewarningmessage.

2. Post EUR 300 for vehicle costs to your statistical automobile order

(AUTO##)andtheMotorPoolcostcenter1220. Theaccountis475000.

Theoffsettingaccount is113100(DeutscheBank).

3. Check the effect of the G/L account postings on your orders. For each

of your orders, call up the Orders: Actual/Plan/Variance report for

controllingarea1000inthecurrentperiodandplanversion0. Displaythe

costaccountingdocumentforeachofthenewpostings.

What is the difference between the posting to the "true" order and to the

statistical order?

Continued on next page

第 62 页 / 共 181 页

Unit3: Event-BasedPostings AC415

______________________________________________________

第 63 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Event-BasedPostingsWithinandOutsideManagementAccounting

Solution 4: Event-Based Postings

Task:

CreateG/Laccountpostingsforyourmarketingbrochureoverheadorderandfor

yourmotorpoolorderandcomparetheresultsintheinformationsystem.

1. ExecuteapostingofEUR5,000inyour“CellPhone##”orderforlayout

consulting services. Thecompany codeis 1000 and the cost element is

417000(purchasedservices). Theoffsettingaccountis113100(Deutsche

Bank).

Hint: In the G/L account master records, some of the expense

accountsareconfiguredtoindicatethattaxesmaybeassociatedwith

theseaccounts,butarenotmandatory. Thewarningmessageisto

ensurethatyoudonotforgettoenterataxcodewhenappropriate.

For this exercise, all expenses will be treated as non-taxable.

Therefore, youcanignorethewarningmessage.

a) SAP EasyAccessmenu →Accounting →Financial Accounting→

GeneralLedger→Posting→EnterG/LAccountDocument

Ifapplicable,enter1000intheCompanycodefield.

EnterthecurrentdateintheDocumentdatefield.

Ifapplicable, enterEURintheCurrencyfield.

Go to the table below:

Enter417000 in theG/L account field.

Choose Debit in the D/C field.

Enter5000intheAmount indoc.curr. field.

EnteryourmarketingbrochureorderintheOrderfield.

Enter113100 in the G/L account field.

Choose Credit in the D/C field.

Enter*in the Amount in doc.curr. field.

Press Enter.

If a tax warning message appears, simply confirm it by pressing

ENTER.

Choose Post (Strg + S).

StayintheEnterG/LAccountDocumentscreenforthenextexercise.

Continued on next page

第 64 页 / 共 181 页

Unit3: Event-BasedPostings AC415

2. Post EUR 300 for vehicle costs to your statistical automobile order

(AUTO##)andtheMotorPoolcostcenter1220. Theaccountis475000.

Theoffsettingaccountis113100(DeutscheBank).

a) EnterthecurrentdateintheDocumentDatefield.

Go to the table below:

Enter475000 in theG/Laccount field.

Choose Debit in the D/C field.

Enter 300 in the Amount field.

Enter1220 in the Cost center field.

EnterAUTO## in the Order field.

Enter113100 in the G/L account field.

Choose Credit in the D/C field.

Enter * in the Amount field.

Press Enter.

Ifataxwarningmessageappears,simplyconfirmitbypressingEnter.

Choose Save.

3. Check the effect of the G/L account postings on your orders. For each

of your orders, call up the Orders: Actual/Plan/Variance report for

controllingarea1000inthecurrentperiodandplanversion0. Displaythe

costaccountingdocumentforeachofthenewpostings.

What is the difference between the posting to the "true" order and to the

statistical order?

______________________________________________________

Continued on next page

第 65 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Event-BasedPostingsWithinandOutsideManagementAccounting

______________________________________________________

a) SAPEasyAccessmenu→InternalOrders→InformationSystem→

ReportsforInternalOrders→Plan/ActualComparisons→Orders:

Actual/Plan/Variance

Enter1000in theControlling area field.

EnterthecurrentfiscalyearintheFiscalyearfield.

EnterthecurrentperiodintheFromperiodfield.

Enterthe currentperiodintheToperiodfield.

Enter 0 in the Plan version field.

Enteryourmarketingbrochureorderinthe“Orvalue(s)”field.

Select Execute (F8).

Double-clickontheReportrowforthecostelement417000.

Double-clickontheOrders: ActualLineItemsreport.

Select the line item and choose:

Environment → Accounting Documents.

Click ontheControlling Document row.

RepeattheproceduretoanalyzeyourAuto##orderintheinformation

system.

第 66 页 / 共 181 页

Unit3: Event-BasedPostings AC415

Lesson Summary

You should now be able to:

• Makeevent-relatedpostingsfromoriginalexpensestooverheadcostorders

• Analyzetheresultsof thepostingsin reports

第 67 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Commitment Management

Lesson: Commitment Management

Lesson Overview

Acommitmentidentifiescostswhichwillbeincurredinthefutureformaterials

andservicesrequestedor ordered. Youlearnwhatyou haveto consider onthe

systemsidewhenyouareusingthecommitmentmanagement.

Lesson Objectives

After completingthislesson, youwillbeable to:

• Maketherequiredsettingsforcommitmentmanagement

• Understandthecommitment valuesontheorder

• Explaintheeffectof thecommitmentcarryforward

Business Example

Youwanttobeabletoseethecostsontheorderasearlyaspossible-atthetime

ofthepurchaseorder. Thisiswhyyouwanttousethecommitmentmanagement.

Figure 22: Commitments

Acommitmentidentifiescostswhichwillbeincurredinthefutureformaterials

andservicesrequestedorordered. Byrecordingcommitmentsaswellasactual

costs,youcancomparethefundsyouhaveallocatedtoyourplannedorbudgeted

costs to determine funds availability.

第 68 页 / 共 181 页

Unit3: Event-BasedPostings AC415

Youmustactivatecommitmentmanagementbothinthecontrollingareaandinthe

ordertypetocreatecommitmentinformationonanorder. Theorderstatusmust

also allow the relevant business transaction.

You record commitments on your overhead orders using certain MM and

Management Accounting transactions:

• Acommitmentisrecordedautomaticallywhenyouassignanoverheadorder

toapurchaserequisitionorpurchaseorderlineitem.

• Youcangenerateacommitmentmanuallybyenteringafundscommitment

inManagementAccounting. Afundscommitmentinthesystemrepresents

coststhatarependingbutthathaveeithernotyetbeenenteredinPurchasing

orthathavenotbeenenteredyetbecausethecomponentMMisnotinuse.

The information system uses different value types to identify commitments

according to their origin (purchase requisition, purchase order, or funds

commitment).

Figure 23: Commitment Carryforward

Youcancarryforwardopencommitmentvaluesintothefirstperiodofthenext

fiscalyear aspart of theyear-end closingprocess.

For example, you might have a purchase order item that is not due to be

delivereduntilDecember28,2002,buttheoverheadorderstillliststhisitemasa

commitmentforthefiscalperiod12/2002. Iftheitemisnotshippedbytheend

of thefiscalyear 2002andthepurchaseorder remainsopen, you can carrythe

commitmentforward. Thecommitmentisthenpostedintothefirstperiodofthe

fiscal year 2003.

第 69 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Commitment Management

For performance reasons, the documents processed by the commitment

carryforwardarenotblockedforeditingduringprocessing. Forthisreason,you

cannotprocesspurchaseordersfrompreviousfiscalyearswhilethisprogramis

running. Thismay leadto updateterminations.

第 70 页 / 共 181 页

Unit3: Event-BasedPostings AC415

第 71 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Commitment Management

Exercise 5: Commitment Management

Exercise Objectives

After completingthisexercise, youwillbeableto:

• Create a purchase order

• Post a goods receipt

• Recognizethedifferentoptionsfortransaction-basedpostinginManagement

Accounting

• Describethetransactionsthatdebitoverheadcostorders

• Repost order costs

Business Example

Youwillpostapurchaseorder andgoodsreceiptinMaterialsManagementfor

your marketing brochure order, thereby enabling you to gain an insight into

commitment management.

Checktheoptionsavailableforpostingdebitstoorders.

YouwillbecheckingtherepostingfunctionbypostingcostsfromtheITServices

cost center to thePC repair/maintenance order.

Task 1:

Createacommitmentforyourmarketingbrochureorderbygeneratingapurchase

order.

1. CreateapurchaseorderforMarketingBrochurePrintingServices. These

services will be charged to an order (account assignment category F).

Printing will be done by vendor 1000. The purchasing organization is

1000,thepurchasinggroup000,andtheplant1000. Youneedtoorder50

hoursofprinting, atacostofEUR50perhour. Thematerialgroupis

00706(miscellaneousservices)andthedeliverydateistoday’sdate. Debit

yourmarketingbroschureorderusingcostelement417000.

Saveyourpurchaseorderandrecordthedocumentnumber.

______________________________________________________

Continued on next page

第 72 页 / 共 181 页

Unit3: Event-BasedPostings AC415

2. Checkthecommitmentthathasbeenrecordedforyourmarketingbrochure

order. CalluptheOrders: Actual/Plan/Variancereportforcontrolling

area 1000 in the current period. Execute the report for your marketing

brochure order.

Hint: Notethatthereporthasmorethanonepage. Scrollupand

down to view the entire report.

Task 2:

Reviewtheeffectofagoodsreceipttransactiononyourpurchaseorder.

1. Postagoodsreceiptforthepurchaseordergeneratedinthepreviousexercise.

Saveyourgoodsreceiptandmakeanoteofthedocumentnumber.

______________________________________________________

2. Reviewtheeffect of thegoodsreceipt onyour marketing brochureorder.

Call up the Orders: Actual/Plan/Commitments report for controlling

area Europe (1000) in the current period, the current fiscal year, and the

plan version 0.

3. Display theoriginal logistics document for the actual postingfrom cost

element417000. Whichdocumentisdisplayed? Howcanyoudisplayother

documents associated with this posting?

______________________________________________________

Task 3: Optional Exercises

Definewhichbusinesseventscandebitoverheadcostorders.

1. Listthebusinesstransactions,includingthesourceapplications,whichmay

result ina commitmentto an overheadorder.

______________________________________________________

2. Listthebusinesstransactions,includingthesourceapplications,whichmay

resultinanactualpostingtoanoverheadcostorder.

______________________________________________________

Continued on next page

第 73 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Commitment Management

Task 4:

Repost spare parts costs from the IT Service cost center to your PC

repair/maintenance order.

1. Usetoday’sdateandthescreenvariantCostcenter/order/pers. no.

RepostEUR250ofsparepartscostsfromtheITServicescostcenter(4120)

toyourPCrepair/maintenanceorder. Thesparepartscostelementis404000.

Save the document.

Hint: Ifthe“SetControllingArea”popupappears,enter1000inthe

Controlling Area field.

2. CheckhowtherepostinghasaffectedyourPCrepair/maintenanceorder.

CalluptheOrders: Actual/Plan/Variancereportforcontrollingarea1000

in the current period.

Displaytheactuallineitemsforthesparepartscostelement(404000).

UsethelayoutSecondarycosts: Valuesettlement.

第 74 页 / 共 181 页

Unit3: Event-BasedPostings AC415

Solution 5: Commitment Management

Task 1:

Createacommitmentforyourmarketingbrochureorderbygeneratingapurchase

order.

1. CreateapurchaseorderforMarketingBrochurePrintingServices. These

services will be charged to an order (account assignment category F).

Printing will be done by vendor 1000. The purchasing organization is

1000,thepurchasinggroup000,andtheplant1000. Youneedtoorder50

hoursofprinting,atacostofEUR50perhour. Thematerialgroupis

00706(miscellaneousservices)andthedeliverydateistoday’sdate. Debit

yourmarketingbroschureorderusingcostelement417000.

Saveyourpurchaseorderandrecordthedocumentnumber.

Continued on next page

第 75 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Commitment Management

______________________________________________________

a) SAP Easy Access menu → Logistics → Materials Management →

Purchasing→PurchaseOrder→Create→Vendor/SupplyingPlant

Known.

Closethetransactiondocumentation(intheleft-handwindow).

Enter 1000 in the Vendor field.

Press ENTER.

Enter1000inthePurchasingorganizationfield.

Enter000 inthePurchasinggroup field.

Ifnecessary,callupthe“Itemoverview”screen.

EnterFintheAccountassignmentcategoryfield.

EnterPrintingservicesintheShorttext field.

Enter 50 in the PO quantity field.

Enter H in the OPU field.

EnterthecurrentdateintheDeliv. datefield.

Enter 50 in the Net price field.

Ifapplicable, enterEURintheCurrencyfield.

Enter00706 in the Material groupfield.

Enter 1000 in the Plant field.

PressENTER.(Thisopensthe“Itemdetail”area).

Enter417000 in theG/L account field.

EntertheordernumberforyourmarketingbrochureintheOrder

field.

ENTER.

Choose Save.

Makeanoteof thepurchaseordernumber !!

Continued on next page

第 76 页 / 共 181 页

Unit3: Event-BasedPostings AC415

2. Checkthecommitmentthathasbeenrecordedforyourmarketingbrochure

order. CalluptheOrders: Actual/Plan/Variancereportforcontrolling

area 1000 in the current period. Execute the report for your marketing

brochure order.

Hint: Notethatthereporthasmorethanonepage. Scrollupand

down to view the entire report.

a) SAPEasyAccessmenu→InformationSystem→ReportsforInternal

Orders →Plan/Actual Comparisons → Additional Key Figures→

Orders: Actual/Plan/Commitments

Enter1000in theControllingareafield.

EnterthecurrentfiscalyearintheFiscalyearfield.

EnterthecurrentperiodintheFromperiodfield.

EnterthecurrentperiodintheToperiodfield.

Enter 0 in the Plan version field.

Enter your marketing brochure order number in the first “Or

value(s)” field.

Choose Execute.

Task 2:

Reviewtheeffectofagoodsreceipttransactiononyourpurchaseorder.

1. Postagoodsreceiptforthepurchaseordergeneratedinthepreviousexercise.

Saveyourgoodsreceiptandmakeanoteofthedocumentnumber.

______________________________________________________

a) SAP Easy Access menu → Logistics → Materials Management →

InventoryManagement→GoodsMovement→GoodsReceipt→For

Purchase Order→ PO Number Known

Enter the purchase order document number from the previous

exercise.

ClickontheExecuteiconnexttothepurchaseordernumberfield.

Flag the item OK (bottom left).

Check the settings.

ENTER.

Choose Post.

Continued on next page

第 77 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Commitment Management

2. Reviewtheeffect ofthegoodsreceipt onyour marketing brochureorder.

Call up the Orders: Actual/Plan/Commitments report for controlling

area Europe (1000) in the current period, the current fiscal year, and the

plan version 0.

a) SAPEasyAccessmenu→InternalOrders→InformationSystem→

ReportsforInternalOrders→Plan/ActualComparisons→Additional

KeyFigures→Orders: Actual/Plan/Commitments

Enter1000in theControlling area field.

EnterthecurrentfiscalyearintheFiscalyearfield.

EnterthecurrentperiodintheFromperiodfield.

Enterthe currentperiodintheToperiodfield.

Enter 0 in the Plan version field.

Enter your marketing brochure order number in the first “Or

value(s)” field.

Choose Execute.

3. Display theoriginal logistics document for the actual posting from cost

element417000. Whichdocumentisdisplayed? Howcanyoudisplayother

documents associated with this posting?

______________________________________________________

a) Double-click on theselectedreport row.

ChoosetheOrders: ActualLineItemsreport.

Double-clickonthelineitemsfromLogistics(2,500).

Thesystemdisplaysthematerialdocument(goodsreceipt)document

. YoucanalsoviewotherdocumentsbychoosingtheFIDocuments

icon(choosetheDocument Infotabpage).

Task 3: Optional Exercises

Definewhichbusinesseventscandebitoverheadcostorders.

1. Listthebusinesstransactions,includingthesourceapplications,whichmay

result ina commitmentto an overhead order.

______________________________________________________

Continued on next page

第 78 页 / 共 181 页

Unit3: Event-BasedPostings AC415

______________________________________________________

a) PurchaseRequisitionandPurchaseOrders(MM)

Funds Reservation (CO)

2. Listthebusinesstransactions,includingthesourceapplications,whichmay

resultinanactualpostingtoanoverheadcostorder.

______________________________________________________

a) Invoices and G/L Account Postings(FI)

Goods Movements (MM)

Internal Activitiesand Repostings(CO)

Task 4:

Repost spare parts costs from the IT Service cost center to your PC

repair/maintenance order.

1. Usetoday’sdateandthescreenvariantCostcenter/order/pers. no.

RepostEUR250ofsparepartscostsfromtheITServicescostcenter(4120)

toyourPCrepair/maintenanceorder. Thesparepartscostelementis404000.

Save the document.

Hint: Ifthe“SetControllingArea”popupappears,enter1000inthe

Controlling Area field.

a) SAP Easy Access menu → Internal Orders → Actual Postings →

Manual Reposting of Costs → Enter

EnterCostcenter/order/pers. no. intheScrnvar. field.

Enter4120 in the CCtr (old) field.

Enter your PC repair/maintenance order number in the Order

(new) field.

Enter404000 in the Cost element field.

Enter 250 in the Amount field.

Choose Post.

2. CheckhowtherepostinghasaffectedyourPCrepair/maintenanceorder.

Continued on next page

第 79 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Commitment Management

CalluptheOrders: Actual/Plan/Variancereportforcontrollingarea1000

in the current period.

Displaytheactuallineitemsforthesparepartscostelement(404000).

UsethelayoutSecondarycosts: Valuesettlement.

a) SAPEasyAccessmenu→InformationSystem→ReportsforInternal

Orders→Plan/ActualComparisons→Orders: Actual/Plan/Variance

Enter1000in theControlling area field.

EnterthecurrentfiscalyearintheFiscalyearfield.

EnterthecurrentperiodintheFromperiodfield.

Enterthe currentperiodintheToperiodfield.

Enter 0 in the Plan version field.

Enter your PC repair/maintenance order number in the “Or

value(s)” field.

Choose Execute.

Double-clickontheReportrowforthecostelement404000.

Double-clickontheOrders: ActualLineItemsreport.

Choose →Settings → Layout→Choose.

Double-clickonSecondarycosts: Valuesettlement.

第 80 页 / 共 181 页

Unit3: Event-BasedPostings AC415

Lesson Summary

You should now be able to:

• Maketherequiredsettingsforcommitmentmanagement

• Understandthecommitmentvaluesontheorder

• Explaintheeffect of thecommitmentcarryforward

第 81 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Unit Summary

Unit Summary

You should now be able to:

• Makeevent-relatedpostingsfromoriginalexpensestooverheadcostorders

• Analyze the resultsof thepostingsin reports

• Maketherequiredsettingsforcommitmentmanagement

• Understandthecommitment valuesontheorder

• Explaintheeffectof thecommitmentcarryforward

第 82 页 / 共 181 页

UnitSummary AC415

第 83 页 / 共 181 页

Unit 4

Period-end Closing

Unit Overview

Herewedescribetheperiodicpostingsthatcanbedebitedtotheoverheadcost

order during the period-end closing. These include overhead expenses, for

example. We then investigate the options for debiting the order periodically.

The participants are introduced to the different settlement forms, and how to

distinguish them.

Youareshownhowtomaintainsettlementrulesandhowtotracethevalueflows

of the settlement.

Unit Objectives

After completing thisunit, you will beableto:

• Describetransactionsintheperiod-endclosingthatcanleadtodebitpostings

on the orders

• Define and use the overhead costing sheet

• Post overheads on internal orders and understand the results in the

information system

• Credit orders through periodic reposting

• Distinguishbetweenandusethevarioussettlementoptions

• Enter settlement rules

• Defineandusetheallocation,sourceandPAtransferstructures

• Understandtheresultsofthesettlementusingspecialreports

• Createsimplesettlement rulesautomatically

• Use the hierarchical settlement

• Settleorders inanalternativepostingperiod

Unit Contents

Lesson: Periodic Debit Postings...............................................77

Exercise 6: Period-end Closing / Periodic Postings ....................81

Lesson: Periodic Credit Postings..............................................91

Exercise 7: Period-End Closing / Settlement...........................101

第 84 页 / 共 181 页

Unit4: Period-endClosing AC415

Lesson: Settlement: Special Subjects .......................................111

第 85 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Periodic Debit Postings

Lesson: Periodic Debit Postings

Lesson Overview

Youlearnwhichtransactionsintheperiod-endclosingmakedebitsoninternal

ordersandareintroducedtotheoverheadcostingsheet.

Lesson Objectives

After completingthislesson, youwillbeable to:

• Describetransactionsintheperiod-endclosingthatcanleadtodebitpostings

on the orders

• Define and use the overhead costing sheet

• Post overheads on internal orders and understand the results in the

information system

Business Example

Your overhead orders must beincluded in period-end closing. This also leads

todebits, forexamplebyCostCenterAccountingor overheadcosts. Youmust

decidewhethersurchargesshouldbeappliedwhenoverheadcostsarepassedon

and, if so, how they should be calculated.

Figure 24: Overhead Costs (1)

Overhead costing is the means by which you allocate overhead costs to the

appropriateobjectsbyapplyingapercentageorquantity-basedfixedamountto

aspecifiedcostbase. Thebasisforoverheadapplicationarethoseprimarycost

elementswhichwereposteddirectlytotheorder. Inthemanufacturingindustry,

forexample, theseareusuallythelaborandmaterialcosts.

You can apply overhead to both planned and actual costs or on the basis of

commitment data.

第 86 页 / 共 181 页

Unit4: Period-endClosing AC415

Fortestingandforecastingpurposesyoucanalsosimulatethecalculation. Inthis

case, thedata isnot updated in the database. The results of thecalculation are

displayedasstatisticsandanyerrorsarerecordedinanerrorlog. Youcanprint

out both the statistics and the error log.

Therulesforapplyingoverheadaregatheredintheoverheadcostingsheet.

Figure 25: Overhead Costs (2)

Theoverheadcostingsheetcombinesthreecentralelementswhichdeterminehow

overhead is calculated.

Thecalculationbasespecifiesthecostelementbasetowhichoverheadisapplied,

suchasthematerialscostelements. Youcanfurtherrestrictthebasebyidentifying

theoriginofthecostelements. Theoriginsubdividesthecostelementbymaterial.

Theoverheadamountallowsyoutodefinetheamountofoverheadtobeapplied

as follows:

In the percentage overhead approach, you identify base cost elements. A

percentageisappliedtothecostspostedtothesecost elements. Thecalculated

cost is added as overhead.

Inthequantity-basedoverheadapproach,youspecifytheamountofoverhead

costtobeappliedperquantityunitpostedtothecalculationbasecostelements. In

thiscase,unitsofmeasuremustberecordedinManagementAccounting.

Thedependencyallowsyoutodifferentiateoverheadratesoramountsbyplant,

companycode,profitcenter,responsiblecostcenter,ordertype,orothercriteria.

The overhead typedetermines whether the overhead calculationis for actual,

plan, or commitment data

第 87 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Periodic Debit Postings

The credit key defines which object (cost center or internal order) is credited

tooffsetthedebittoyouroverheadorder. Youalsospecifywhichcostelement

should be used to post the overheads.

Figure 26: Other Periodic Postings

Overheadorderscanbereceiversofcostcenteractivityallocations. Inanactivity

allocation,theactivityquantityisenteredinthetransactionandevaluatedusing

the plan price or a manual actual price. Revaluation allows you to revaluate

activity allocations based on an automatically generated calculation of actual

price. Unlikecostcenteraccounting,thisrunsviaaseparatetransaction.

Usingtheprocesscostfunction,costsmaybeallocatedtooverheadordersfrom

businessprocessesinActivityBasedCosting(CO-OM-ABC).Theallocationis

definedbyaprocesstemplatedevelopedinActivityBasedCosting.

第 88 页 / 共 181 页

Unit4: Period-endClosing AC415

Figure 27: Debit via Periodic Cost Allocation

Primarypostings(suchastelephonecosts)arecollectedonaclearingcostcenter

oranordertominimizethenumberofpostingsinFinancialAccounting. These

costsareallocatedtotheappropriateobjectsinManagementAccounting(suchas

anoverheadcostorder),atperiod-endclosingaccordingtoauser-definedkey.

Lineitemsarerecordedforboththesenderandreceiversidesinordertodocument

the allocations exactly.

Periodicallocationscanbereversedandrepeatedasoftenasdesired.

第 89 页 / 共 181 页

AC415 Lesson: Periodic Debit Postings

Exercise 6: Period-end Closing / Periodic

Postings

Exercise Objectives

After completingthisexercise, youwillbeableto:

• Configureanoverheadcostingsheetandassignittoanorder

• Calculate the overhead surcharge

Business Example

Overheadforstoragecostsistobedebitedfromthemarketingbrochureorder.

Toaccomplishthis,theoverheadcostingsheetmustbeconfiguredandassignedto

theorder. Thisthenenablesyoutodetermineanoverheadrateforyourorder.

Task 1:

Createanoverheadstructurethatdeterminestheoverheadforstoragecostsat10%

ofthematerialcostsandassignittoyourmarketingbrochureorder.

1. CreateabaseX##fortheoverheadcalculation. NamethebaseGrp##OH

Base. Definethebaseforcontrollingarea1000. Includethecostelement

range400000through406000inthebase. Saveyourbase.

2. Create an actual percentage surcharge Y## for the overhead calculation.

NamethesurchargeGrp##OHRateandusedependencyD000. Therate

of10%shouldbevalidforactualoverheadcalculationsincontrollingarea

1000forthecurrentfiscalyear. Saveyouroverheadrate.

3. CreateacreditkeyZ##fortheoverheadcalculation. Namethecreditkey

Grp##OHCredit. Definethecreditkeyforcontrollingarea1000. The

data is valid through the end of the current fiscal year and 100% of the

overheadisfixedcost. Thecost element usedfor theoverheadpostingis

655110(OverheadSurcharge–OtherMaterials)andthecreditobjectisthe

warehouse cost center 4130.

Save your entries!

4. Create acosting sheet XYZ## to definethe overhead calculation. Name

thecostingsheetOHCostingSheet##. ThebaseX##thatyoucreatedin

exercise1shouldbeassignedinthefirstrow(row10). Theoverheadrate

Y##thatyoucreatedinexercise2andthecreditkeyZ##thatyoucreated

inexercise3shouldbeassignedinthesecondrow(row20). Rememberto

reference your second row to your first row and to carry out a check for

errors. Save your costing sheet.

Continued on next page